Arnulf. c850-99. Last Carolingian Holy Roman Emperor. Defeated Normans. Captured Rome.

Artemis. Greek goddess of hunting. =Roman Diana.

Asculum, Battle. 279BC. “Pyrrhic” victory of Pyrrhus over Romans.

Asturias. Former Spanish kingdom. 3-2C BC Rome. 5C Visigoth. 718-910 Only Christian kingdom on Iberia. 910 + León.

Athens. 3000BC. 6C BC growth. 5C decline. 4C Macedonia (aut). 27 BC Rome. 1458 Ottoman. 1834 Greek capital.

Augur. -391. Roman interpreter of omens.

Aurelian. 214-75. Roman Emperor 270-. Restored rule of Europe. Began wall around Rome.

Aurora. Roman goddess of dawn. = Eos.

Austria. 400BC Celts. 15BC Rome. 5-7C Huns, Avars ravage. 6C Slovenes settle 8C Charlemagne. 9C Magyar. 955 Otto I...962 HRE. 976 Babenberg(E). 1278 Hapsburg. 1453 Archduchy. 1804 Austrian Empire. 1867 Ausgleich. 1918 Republic. 1938 Germany. 1945 Republic. 1955 Independence from Allies.

Balearic Is. 654BC Phoenicia. 123BC Rome. 426 Vandal. 798 Moor. 1229 Independent Christian. 1349 Aragon. 1713 Brit (Minorca). 1802 Spain.

Balkans. Inhabited c6000BC. 6C BC Illyria. 148BC Rome(Illyricum)(N). 285 Byzantine(E). 4-7C Goths, Avars, Huns, Ostrogoths, Lombards, Slavs, Bulgars, Serbs invade. 890 Bulgar Empire. 1159 Serbian empire. 1389 Ottoman. 1699 Austria(E,N)/Venice(S,W). 19C Eastern Question. Albania. Bosnia-Herzegovina. Bulgaria. Croatia. Greece. Macedonia. Montenegro. Romania. Serbia. Slovenia. Yugoslavia.

Bavaria. Celts. 15BC Rome. 488 Germanic tribes. 555 Franks. 788 Charlemagne...817 E Franks. 10C Duchy in HRE. 1180 Wittelsbach. 1805 Kingdom. 1871 German Empire. 1918 Republic. 1919 Weimar Republic. 1933 Germany. 1949 W Germany.

Beirut. 20C BC Phoenicia. 15BC Rome. 635 Moslem. 1110 Crusaders. 1187 Saladin. 1516 Ottoman. 1291 Mameluk. 1920 Capital of Lebanon. 1975-90 Lebanese Civil War.

Belgium. 150BC Celts. 51BC Rome. 3C Franks. 9C Lower Lorraine. 15C Burgundy. 1477 Hapsburg. 1555 Spain. 1714 Austria. 1795 French. 1814 Austria. 1815 +Holland=United Netherlands. 1831 Independent kingdom. Neutrality guaranteed by Quintuple Treaty 1839. WWII Germans occupy. 1948 Benelux.

Bellona. Roman goddess of war. Mars’ sister.

Berlin-Rome Axis. 1936-45. Axis.

Berlioz, Hector. 1803-1869. French Romantic composer. Grandiose themes directly from feelings.Symph. Fantastique 1830. Romeo and Juliette 1839. Treatise on Orchestration 1844. Damnation of Faust 1846.

Bible. Hebrew and Christian sacred scriptures translated from Hebrew and Aramaic. 3C BC Greek translation. 1382 Wycliffe, Rogers, English. 1522-34 Luther, German. 1611 King James version. Vulgate by St. Jerome. Apocrypha.

Boethius. 475-524. Roman translator of Aristotle. Neoplatonic. Stoic. Consolation of Philosophy 523 (while imprisoned).

Bona Dea. Roman fertility goddess. = Fauna.

Bonaparte, Jerôme. 1784-1860. King of Westphalia 1807-13. Marshal of France. Napoleon’s brother.

Bordeaux. 4C Rome. 412 Goths. 508 Clovis. 1154 English. 1453 France.

Borromeo, St. Charles. 1538-84. Milan Cardinal. First Sunday school, 1580.

Brittany. Inhab c3500BC. Celts. 57BC Rome. 5-6C Britons (Celts) re-settle. 12C Capetian. 1365 Montfort Dukedom. 1532 France.

Brutus, Lucius. Ousted Etruscan Tarquinius to found Roman republic 509BC..

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