Remus. Twin brother of Romulus; legendary founders of Rome. Killed by Romulus after jumping over town wall.

Respighi, Ottorino. 1879-1936. Italian composer. The Pines of Rome 1924. Used recorded sound as part of composition.

Rhodes. <1000BC Minoan. Dorian. 5C BC Delian League. 43BC Rome alliance. 653 Saracen. 1309 Knights of St John. 1522 Turks. 1912 Italy. 1947 Greece. c1C BC School of rhetoric.

Rienzo, Cola di. 1313-54. Leader, briefly dictator of Rome.

Roman Empire. 27BC Augustus. 395 Split into Empire of the West and Eastern Roman Empire =Byzantine Empire. Rome.

Roman Question. 1861-1929. Italy vs Papacy over control of Rome. Lateran Treaty.

Roman Republic. 509-27BC. Roman Empire. Rome.

Rome. 753BC Legendary founding by Romulus and Remus. 616BC Etruscan. 509BC Roman Republic. 27BC Roman Empire. 248 Empire of the West. 395 Byzantine Empire. 410 Visigoths sack Rome. 476 Romulus Augustulus deposed. 493 Ostrogoth. 535 Byzantine. 774 Charlemagne’s Empire of the West. 962 Holy Roman Empire. 11C Norman. 12C Hohenstaufen. 1848 Republic. 1849 Papal States. 1870 Italy. 1929 -Vatican.

Rome, Treaty of. 1957. Established EEC, Atomic Energy policy.

Rømer, Olaus. 1644-1710. Danish astronomer. Proved finite speed of light 1676.

Romulus. Twin brother of Remus. Suckled by a wolf, they built Rome.

Samnite Wars. 4-3C BC. 3 wars by which Rome conquered central, south Italy.

Sanctuary, Right of. Established 4C Rome. England until 1623 (criminal), 18C (civil). Europe until 1789. Asylum in church for 1 month.

Sangallo, Antonio da, the Younger. 1483-1546. Florentine architect. Rome’s Palazzo Farnese 1534-46.

Sardinia. 6C BC Carthage. 238BC Rome. 435 Vandal. 534 Byzantine Empire. 10C Saracen. 1016 Pisa. 1189 Hohenstaufen +Piedmont. 1326 Aragon. 1713 Austria. 1720 Savoy Kingdom. 1796 France. 1815 +Genoa. 1861 Italy. Sardinian Victor-Emmanuel became king of Italy.

Scaevola, Gaius. Legendary hero. Saved Rome from Etruscans c509BC.

Scriabin, Aleksandr. 1872-1915. Russian composer uniting music with philosophy: Prometheus 1911. Musical symbolism.

Servile Wars. Slave revolts vs Rome. 134-132BC Sicily. 102-99BC Sicily. 73-71BC S Italy. Spartacus.

Shakespeare, William. 1564-1616. English dramatic poet. Master of language, characters, perception.Titus Andronicus c1593. Romeo and Juliet c1594. Hamlet c1602. Othello c1604. King Lear c1606. Lover’s Complaint c1609. Sonnets 1609. Tempest 1611.

Shelley, Percy Bysshe. 1792-1822. English lyric poet. Advocated freedom of thought. Prometheus Unbound 1820.

Sicily. c1100BC Sicans. Sicels. Mycenaean. 7C BC Phoenicia(W)/ Gr(E). 241BC Rome. 5C Ostrogoth. 6C Byzantine. 827 Saracen. 1072 Norman. 1130 +Naples. 1197 Hohenstaufen. 1266-82 France. 1302 Aragon. 1443 +Naples=Two Sicilies. 1860 Italy.

Silk Route. Trade route from Rome to China. Followed by Marco Polo.

Slavery. Babylon. Egypt. Greece. Rome. European colonies 1440s-19C. 1502 First blacks shipped to America. 1562- Trade. 1807 abolished in Britain, 1833 throughout Empire. 1816 Morocco abolished Christian slaves. 1851 Colombia, 1861 USA, 1930 Liberia. 2001 27M slaves in Mauritania, Sudan, Asia, Brazil.

Social War. 90-89BC. Tribal rebellion. Rome grants citizenship to all allies.

Spain. c3000BC Iberians. c11C BC Phoenicians. c10C Celts. 6C Basques. c5C Carthage. 3C BC Rome. 5C Vandals, Visigoths. 711 Moslems. 801 Charlemagne. 10C independent kingdoms of Castile, León, Aragon, Navarre. 1031-1492 Reconquista. 1143 Portugal independent. 1479 Aragon, Castile unite. 1492 Moors final defeat. 1512 + Navarre =Spain. 1808 Napoleon. 1898 -Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico. Spanish American War. 1931 Republic. 1936 Civil War. 1939 Franco. 1975 Parliamentary Monarchy. ETA. New Spain.

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