Investiture Controversy. 1075-1122. Gregory VII abolished Holy Roman Emperor’s power to invest bishops. Led to war with Henry IV. Concordat of Worms.

Patriarch. Christian bishops with jurisdiction over other bishops. 325 Rome. 692 Antioch. Alexandria, Constantinople, Jerusalem. 1598 Moscow.

Ripon, Treaty. 1640. Ended Bishops’ war between Scotland and England.

Worms, Concordat of. 1122. Agreement between Pope Calixtus and Emperor Henry V to share power to appoint bishops and abbots. Spiritualia, regalia vested separately.