Maurras, Charles. 1868-1952. French political theorist. Founded Action Française 1899.

Megarian. 4C BC. School of philosophy founded by Eucleides. Good is a single quality by many names.

Messerschmidt, Willy. 1898-1978. German plane designer and manufacturer, WWII.

Middle Ages. 395-1492. Collapse of Rome to Columbus. Rise of Church power, modern European states. Dark Ages.

Mississippi Scheme. 1717-20. Law’s attempt to develop Louisiana. Speculation led to financial disaster.

Molière, Jean-Baptiste. 1622-73. French comedy actor, playwright. School for Wives 1662. Tartuffe 1664. Don Juan 1665. Misanthrope. Died in role of Malade Imaginaire.

Moscow School. 14-16C Icon painting. Curving planes, subtle colors.

Motherwell, Robert. 1915-91. US Abstract Expressionist painter. Created New York school. Elegy to the Spanish Republic 1949-59.

Munich Putsch. Beer Hall Putsch.

Münster, Sebastian. 1489-1552. German scholar. Hebrew Bible 1534-5. Geographica 1540. Cosmographia 1544.

Nagarjuna. c150-250. Indian Buddhist. Founded Madhyamika school. Clarified concept of Emptiness.

Neapolitan. 17-18 C School of Music. Elegant, stylized opera, often weak in drama. Scarlatti.

Nicaragua. 1502 Columbus discovers. 1523 Spanish settle. 1821 Mexican Empire. 1826 CAF. 1839 Independent. Sandinistas.

Nicene Creed. 325. Tenets of Christian faith. Interpretation of Trinity, adding filioque led to East-West Schism. Nicaea.

Notre-Dame. 12-13C School of early polyphonic music. Léonin.

Novatian. c200-58. Antipope. Founded strict sect -6C. Novation Schism.

Novgorod School. 12-16C. Russian icon and mural painting.

Oehlenschläger, Adam. 1779-1850. Danish Romantic poet.

Olympics, Modern. 1896 Athens. 1900 Paris. 1904 St. Louis. 1908 London. 1912 Stockholm. 1920 Antwerp. Summer: 1924 Paris. 1928 Amsterdam. 1932 Los Angeles. 1936 Berlin. 1948 London. 1952 Helsinki. 1956 Melbourne. 1960 Rome. 1964 Tokyo. 1968 Mexico City. 1972 Munich. 1976 Montreal. 1980 Moscow. 1984 Los Angeles. 1988 Seoul. 1992 Barcelona. 1996 Atlanta. 2000 Sydney. 2004 Athens. 2008 Beijing. Winter: 1924 Chamonix. 1928 St Moritz. 1932 Lake Placid. 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen. 1948 St Moritz. 1952 Oslo. 1956 Cortina d’Ampezzo. 1960 Squaw Valley. 1964 Innsbruck. 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo. 1976 Innsbruck. 1980 Lake Placid. 1984 Sarajevo. 1988 Calgary. 1992 Albertville. 1994 Lillehammer. 1998 Nagano. 2002 Salt Lake City. 2006 Torino. Olympia.

Orléans, Charles, duc d’. 1394-1465. Fought with Armagnacs vs Burgundians. Captured at Agincourt 1415. Ransomed 1440. Last courtly poet of France.

Orthodox Church, Eastern. 1054-. Autonomous Christian churches of Middle East, Eastern Europe, Russia using Byzantine rite. East-West Schism.

Paris School. 1900-30. Bohemian golden age of arts in Montparnasse.

Parnassians. 1867-99. French detached anti-Romantic poetry school. Leconte de Lisle. Sully-Prudhomme. Verlaine. Gautier. Baudelaire.

Parsons, Charles. 1854-1931. English inventor of multi-stage steam turbine, 1884.

Paschal II. -1118. Italian pope 1099-. Investiture Controversy.

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