Guyana. Arawak, Carib, Warrau. 1498 Columbus discovers. 16C Dutch settle. 1814 Britain. 1831 Colony =British Guiana. 1966 Independent =Guyana. 1970 Republic.

Hainisch, Michael. 1858-1940. First president of Austrian Republic 1920-28.

Haiti. Arawak. 1492 Columbus discovers. 16-18C Slaves brought. 1697 Spain cedes to France 1804 Independent. 1915-34 US occupies. 1957-86 Duvalier dictators. 1994 US overthrow of military regime. 1972-2002 US returns refugee boat-people.

Hasidism. 18C-. Jewish sect founded by Eliezer, called Ba’al Shem-Tov. Stresses good-heartedness over scholarship, mystical approach to God.

Hautsch. 1657. First fire engine.

Helsinki Group. 1976. Soviet dissidents who monitor human rights aspect of Helsinki Accord. Orlov. Shscharansky.

Henry the Navigator. 1394-1460. Portuguese prince. Sponsored African exploration. School of Navigation 1423.

Herschel, William. 1738-1822. German/English astronomer, discovered Uranus 1781.

Hippocrates. 460-370BC. Greek physician. Separated medicine from superstition. Established medical schools. “Diseases due to natural causes”.

Hoffmann, August. 1798-1874. German poet. Deutschland über alles 1841.

Holy Leagues. 1495 Repelled French invasion of Italy. 1511 Forced France from Italy. 1520 Spanish cities vs HRE. 1526 Failed to force HRE from Italy. 1538 Opposed Schmalkaldic League. 1571 vs Turks. 1576 Opposed Protestantism in France. 1609 vs Protestant Union. 1684 vs Ottomans.

Honduras.<6000BC Inhabited. 4C Mayan. 1502 Columbus discovers. 1524 Spanish settle. 16C Slaves brought. 1821 Mexican Empire. 1823 CAF. 1838 Republic. >100 coups.

Hudson River. 1825-75. US Romantic landscape painting school.

Hugh of St. Victor. 1096-1141. Led prominent school of St. Victor, Paris.

Huygens, Christiaan. 1629-95. Dutch physicist, mathematician. Discovered Saturn’s rings 1655. Pendulum clock 1657. Centripetal force 1659. Conservation of Energy 1669. Wave theory of light 1678.

Hypatia. c370-415. Alexandrian Neoplatonic philosopher. Murdered by St. Cyril and monks. Decline of Alexandria as learning center.

Idealism. Artistic school of thought holding the aesthetic ideal more important than the representation of the subject. vs Realism.

Imagists. 1912-. Poets eschew sentimentality for precision and imagery. Pound. Lawrence. Lowell.

Ionian School. 6C BC. Greek philosophers. Thales. Araximanedes. Diogenes. Explained phenomena in terms of physical forces.

Irrationalism. 19C. Philosophy stressing instinct over reason. Schopenhauer.

Isabella I. 1451-1504. Queen of Castile. Financed Columbus. United Spain by marrying Ferdinand II. Inquisition.

Ives, Charles. 1874-1954. First major US composer. Unconventional work anticipates 20C techniques. Very influential on later Americans. 3rd Symphony 1904.

Jamaica. Arawak. 1494 Columbus discovers. 1509 Spanish. 1655 British. 1959 Self-government. 1962 Independent.

John V. 1332-91. Byzantine Empire 1341~91. Tried to unite East-West Schism to fight Turks.

John Baptist de la Salle, St. 1651-1789. French priest. Founded Reims school.

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