Jerusalem. 3500BC settled. c1000BC David conquers for Israel. 721BC Assyrians conquer. Lost Tribes. 586BC Nebuchadnezzar. 539BC Cyrus. 332BC Alexander...320BC Ptolemy I Soter. 197BC Seleucid. 167BC Hasmonaean. 63BC Rome. 324 Byzantine. 614 Persia. 637 Moslem. 1099 Crusades. Latin Kingdom. 1187 Saladin. 1260 Mameluk. 1517 Ottoman. 1917 British Mandate. 1949 Israel/Jordan. 1967 Israel re-unites. 1996 Israel/Palestinian Authority.

John III. 1629-96. King of Poland 1674-. “Champion of Christendom” saved Vienna from Turks 1683.

John V. 1332-91. Byzantine Empire 1341~91. Tried to unite East-West Schism to fight Turks.

Jonah. Hebrew prophet who spent three days in the stomach of a whale.

Joseph of Arimathea, St. Buried Jesus in his own tomb. By legend, brought Holy Grail to England.

Kuchuk Kainarji, Treaty. 1774. Ottomans restore Black Sea ports to Russia. Independent Crimea.

Ladislaus III. 1424-44. Polish King 1434-. Ladislaus V of Hungary 1440-. Led 2 crusades vs Turks.

Lebanon. 25C BC Phoenicia. 6C BC Persia. 332 Alexander. 64BC Rome. 5C Byzantine. 7C Moslems, Maronite Christians. 11C Druse(S). 1516 Ottoman. 1861 Christian autonomy under Ottomans. 1920 French mandate. 1926 Republic under France. 1943 Independent republic. 1975-91 Civil war.

Lepanto, Battle. 1571. Major Christian naval victory vs Turks, saving Cyprus.

Leucippus. -440BC. Greek philosopher. Atomism. “Nothing occurs at random”.

Libya. 7C BC Phoenician, Carthage, Greek colonies. 46BC Rome. 476 Vandal(W). 534 Byzantine 647 Arab. 1551 Ottoman. 1911 Italian colony. 1943 British/French 1950 Independent Kingdom. 1969 Qaddafi coup. Terrorism. Lockerbie.

Liechtenstein. 5C Alemanni. Franks. 1342 Independent. 1396 HRE. 1719 Principality «HRE. 1806 Rhine Confederation.1815 German Confederation. 1852 Customs Union with Austria 1923 Customs Union with Switzerland.

Limon von Sanders, Otto. 1855-1929. German general. Led Turks at Galipoli.

Lloyd Webber, Andrew. 1948-. British composer of popular musicals. Jesus Christ, Superstar 1971. Evita 1978. Cats 1981. Phantom of the Opera.

Lombardo, Pietro. 1435-1515. Antonio 1458-1516. Tullio 1455-1532. Italian architects and sculptors. Dante’s tomb 1485. Doge’s Palace 1498.

Louis I. The Great. 1326-82. King of Hungary, 1342-, Poland 1370-. Rid kingdoms of Turks. Fought Venice, Naples.

Louis II. 1506-26. King of Hungary and Bohemia 1516-. Lost Hungary to Turks.

Macedonia. Greek tribes. 700BC united. 490 Persia. 479 Independent. 359 Philip. 336 Empire. Alexander. 168BC Rome...395 Byzantine Empire 6C Slav. 9C Bulgar. 11C Byzantine. 14C Ottoman. 1878 Independent. 1879 Ottoman. 1913 Greece/ Bulgaria/ Serbia. 1929 Yugoslavia. 1991 Independent.

Mahmud II. 1785-1839. Ottoman sultan 1808-. Lost Greece, Syria. Destroyed Janissaries.

Malpighi, Marcello. 1628-94. Italian physician. Early microscopic anatomy. Malpighi skin layer.

Mameluks. Egyptian slave bodyguards who formed 1250-1382 Bahrite, 1382-1517 Burjite dynasties. Overthrown by Turks. Ali Pasha.

Mandate, League of Nations. Territory controlled by outside power. E.g. ex-German colonies, non-Turkish ex-Ottoman lands. 1946- UN Trusteeship.

Manhattan Project. 1942-5. Developed US Atomic Bomb.

Maritsa River, Battle. 1371. Ottomans defeat Serbs. Turkey expands in Balkans.

Married Women’s Property Act. 1882. UK. Abolished women’s property passing automatically to husband on marriage.

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