Popov, Aleksandr. 1859-1905. Russian physicist: radio antenna.

Porte St-Martin. Paris. 1674. Commemorates the capture of Besançon.

Pound, Ezra. 1885-1972. US poet/translator of Oriental and Provençale poetry. Pisan Cantos. Pro-Fascism led to incarceration in an asylum 1946-58.

Pragmatic Sanction. 1713. Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI declares Maria Theresa as heir causing War of Austrian Succession.

Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges. 1438-61. France limits power of pope.

Pretorius, Andries. 1798-1853. Boer leader of Great Trek. Aided in Transvaal independence.

Primitivism. Naive art by primitive peoples, children, or as an adopted style. Rousseau. Grandma Moses.

Pugachov, Yemelyan. 1726-75. Russian. Led peasant rebellion vs serfdom 1773-5, impersonating Peter III.

Pushkin, Aleksandr. 1799-1837. Russian Romantic writer. Russia’s “Shakespeare”: Boris Gudonov 1825. Eugene Onegin 1823/4. Exiled 1821~6.

Pyramus and Thisbe. Legendary Babylonian lovers of Ovid’s Metamorphoses.

Radishchev, Aleksandr. 1749-1802. Liberal Russian writer. Denounced serfdom. Exiled to Siberia.

Ramayana. c300BC. Sanskrit epic poem. Life of Rama.

Raphaël. 1483-1520. Italian High Renaissance classical painter, sculptor, architect. Vatican frescoes 1508-11. Madonnas 1505-7. Sistine Madonna 1513. Julius II.

Recusants. 16-17C. Refused to attend Anglican church.

Reforma. 1854-76. Mexican civil war. Ouster of Santa Anna. Reduced power of army, church. Tejada Law. Juárez.

Regency. England. 1811-20. George, Prince of Wales ruled for insane father, George III.

Renaissance. 13-16C Rebirth of the arts, under classical influence. Humanism. Spread from Italy. Art. Architecture. Music.

Renaissance Architecture. Italy 15C-. England 1558-1702. Intellectual search for harmony with Roman and mathematical proportions. Michelangelo. Bramante. Brunelleschi. Manetti.

Renaissance Art. 14-15C. Approaches ideal depiction of nature. Perspective, proportion, sfumato. Florentine. Venetian.

Renaissance Music. c16C. Freer, flexible polyphony; steady, predictable rhythm. Palestrina. Gabrieli. English madrigals.

Resistance. WWII underground paramilitary groups in German-occupied countries, notably France. Partisans. Maquis.

Revivalism. 18,19C. Revival of prior periods of English architecture. Neo-Greek, Neo-Renaissance, Neo-Gothic. British Museum.

Rough Riders. 1898. US volunteer cavalry in Spanish American War under Roosevelt. Won San Juan hill.

Russian Revolution. 1905. Led to Duma, Constitution and end of Mir system. Police gradually regained authority. October Manifesto. Bloody Sunday. 1917 Feb: Liberal republicans overthrow Czar. Oct: Lenin’s Bolsheviks overthrow Kerensky’s Provisional Government, withdraw from WWI.

Sabbah, Hasan-e. Founder of Assassins 1094.

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