Mali. Ancient Ghana. c1200 Mali Empire includes Senegal, Niger. 1460 Songhai Empire. c1600 Divided. c1880 =French Sudan. 1959 +Senegal +Sudanese Republic =Mali Federation. 1960 Independent -Senegal =Mali Republic.

Malignar Agreements. 1936-7. Socialist reforms in France.

Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1884-1942. Polish. Founded social anthropology.

Mallarmé, Stéphane. 1842-98. French poet, initiated Symbolism. Après-Midi d’un faune 1865.

Mallorca. Balearic Island.

Malone, Edmund. 1741-1812. English Shakespearean scholar. Exposed W Ireland.

Malory, Thomas. 1430-71. English writer: Morte darthur c1470.

Malpighi, Marcello. 1628-94. Italian physician. Early microscopic anatomy. Malpighi skin layer.

Malplaquet, Battle. 1709. Marlborough defeats French in war of Spanish Succession.

Malraux, André. 1901-76. French novelist. La Condition Humaine 1933. Museum Without Walls 1967.

Malta. c800BC Phoenecia...Carthage. 218BC Rome. 5C Vandal/ Goth. 6C Byzantine. 870 Arab. 1090 Sicily. 1530 Knights of St. John. 1798 French. 1814 British. 1964 Indepependent. 1974 Republic. Population awarded George Cross 1942.

Malta, Knights of. 1530-1798. Knights of St. John.

Malthus, Thomas. 1766-1834. English economist, warned population would exceed food supply. Essay on Population 1798.

Malus, Étienne. 1775-1812. French physician. Discovered polarized light 1808.

Malvinas Is. Argentine name for Falkland Is.

Mameluks. Egyptian slave bodyguards who formed 1250-1382 Bahrite, 1382-1517 Burjite dynasties. Overthrown by Turks. Ali Pasha.

Man, Isle of. 5C Celtic. 9C Norse. 800 Tynwald. 1266 Scotland...England. 1828 Crown possession.

Man in the Iron Mask. Anonymous Bastille prisoner 1698-1703.

Manchester School. 19C British free-trade movement. Cobden.

Manchu. 1644-1912. Chinese dynasty.=Ch’ing. 1682 united China.

Manchukuo. 1932-45. Japanese puppet state in Manchuria under P’u-i. Manchu.

Mancini, Pasquale. 1817-88. Italian Risorgimento leader, statesman. Triple Alliance 1882.

Mandaeanism. Persian Gnostic sect revering John the Baptist. Fertility worship.

Mandarin. Chinese official. Chinese dialect.

Mandate, League of Nations. Territory controlled by outside power. E.g. ex-German colonies, non-Turkish ex-Ottoman lands. 1946- UN Trusteeship.

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