Aarau Treaty. 1712. Ended Swiss War.

Aaron. c14C BC. Old Testament. Brother of Moses. Later his rival.

Aasen, Ivar. 1813-96. Developed New Norwegian language, officially adopted, 1907.

Abbadids. 1023-91. Moslem dynasty in Andalusia.

Abbas, Ferhat. 1899-1995. First President of independent Algeria 1962-3.

Abbas II. 1874-1944. Last Egyptian khedive, 1892-. Opposed British. Deposed, 1914.

Abbasid. 750-1258. Second Empire of Caliphate dynasty. Overthrew Umayyads; destroyed by Mongols.

Abbaye Prison. Principal site of 1792 September Massacres.

Abbeville Treaty. 1258. England returns Normandy to France.

ABC Powers. 1905. Argentina, Brazil, Chile.

Abd al-Mumin. 1094-1163. Founded Almohad Empire in north Africa and Spain. Massacred Almoravids.

Abd ar-Rahman. -732. Moslem Governor of Andalusia. Def, killed at Poitiers.

Abd ar-Rahman. c1779-1859. Sultan of Morocco/Fez, 1822. Fought French, 1844 in Algeria.

Abd el-Kader. 1808-83. Arab emir who fought French 1840-46; founded Algerian state.

Abd el-Krim. 1882-1963. Fought France and Spain in Morocco. Founded Republic of Rif 1921-26.

Abdul Rahman, Tunku. 1903-90. First Prime Minister of independent Malaya 1957-70. United Malay, Chinese, Indian factions.

Abel. Old Testament. Second son of Adam and Eve. Killed by Cain.

Abel, Frederick. 1827-1902. English inventor of military explosive cordite with Dewar, 1889.

Abel, Rudolf. 1902-71. Russian spy traded for Powers.

Abélard, Pierre. 1079-c1144. French Conceptualist theologian of Notre-Dame. Advocated discussion vs dogma. Famed love of Héloïse. Accused of heresy 1121. Letters to Heloise 1103. Sic et Non 1132. Theologia.

Abercrombie, Patrick. 1879-1957. British architect: Greater London town plan, 1943.

Aberhart, William. 1878-1943. Canadian Social Credit advocate.

Abjuration, Act. 1581. Dutch declaration of independence from Spain. Republic 1588.

Abo, Treaty. 1743. Sweden cedes SE Finland to Russia.

Abolition Act. 1833. Ends slavery in British Empire.

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