Perret, Auguste. 1874-1954. French architect in reinforced concrete. Champs-Élyées Theatre.

Plehve, Vyacheslav. 1846-1904. Russian official. Forced Russification. Pogroms vs Jews.

Preston, Battle. 1648. Cromwell defeats Charles I last forces in English Civil War.

Purge. 1936-8. Stalin’s trials to eliminate political rivals with fabricated charges. 3 million dead. Executions, forced labour, internal exile.

Quadruple Alliance. 1718. Austria, France, Britain, Dutch Republic. Defeated Spain’s attack on Sicily. 1813,15. Austria, Britain, Russia, Prussia. Enforced Treaty of Paris. 1834 France, Britain, Portugal, Spain. Supported Isabella II vs Carlist claims.

Quartering Acts. 1765-70,74. Forced Colonies to pay for British troops stationed there. Intolerable Acts. Stamp Act.

Reich, Wilhelm. 1897-1957. German/US psychiatrist. Theory of Orgone, a force which permeates the body and is released by orgasm.

Repartimiento. c1500-1820. Spanish-American colonists recruit Indians for forced labour.

SA. 1921-34. Brownshirts. Nazi force for breaking up rival party meetings. Purged on Night of Long the Knives.

Salonika Campaign. 1915-18. Allies take Serbia, Romania. Force Constantine I to abdicate.

Seminole Wars. 1817-18, 1835-42. Seminole Indians forced out of Florida.

Sheridan, Philip. 1831-88. Union general, captured Shenandoah, forced Lee’s surrender.

Sinai Campaign. 1956. Israeli preemptory attack takes Sinai. UN peacekeeping force in Gaza.

Swiss Guards. 1505- Swiss Mercenaries protecting monarchs, Pope. 600 massacred at Tuileries 1791. 1825- Incorporated in Vatican forces. Julius II.

Tithes. 10% tax paid to church. Implemented by Christians, 4C-9C. Enforced by law 8C; 10C England. Abolished: 1789 France, 1887 Italy, 1871 Ireland. 1836 England converted to rent and reduced; abolished 1936.

Tone, Wolfe. 1763-98. Irish nationalist leader, rebel. Led French force to Ireland 1798. Suicide. United Irishmen.

Tonkin Resolution. 1964. Congress approves US forces in Vietnam.

Treaty Ports. Japan, China forced by west to open ports to foreign trade. Opium Wars.

Unitarianism. 1546. Christian doctrine of Socinus denying Trinity. God is one indivisible force. Biddle.

Vigilante. US extralegal law enforcers on frontier.

Vitalism. Bergson’s theory of evolution. Life force differentiates living things from others. Aristotle.

Volkssturm. 1944. German home defence force.

Volstead Act. 1919-33. Enforced US Prohibition.

Warsaw Uprising. 1830-1. Czartoryski attempt to oust Russians crushed. 1944. Polish underground army defeats Germans but Soviet delay allows German reinforcements to defeat Poles, destroying potential opposition to later Soviet control.

Westminster, Provisions of. 1259. Reenacted as Marlborough Statute 1267. Forced on Henry III by barons, limiting power. Barons War.

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