Italo-Turkish War. 1911-12. Italy gains Libya and Rhodes. 1911 First offensive use of airplane (vs Libya).

Johnson, Amy. 1903-41. Pioneer British airwoman.

Katyn Affair. 1940 massacre of Polish officers by Russian troops discovered 1943. Denied, blamed on Nazis. Ignored by Allies. Soviets admit responsibility, 1992.

Laissez-Faire. Motto of 19C liberals calling for free markets and trade. Smith. “Laissez-faire, laissez-passer, laissez-aller”-Legendre 1680.

Land, Edwin. 1909-91. US inventor of Polaroid filter 1932, camera 1947, range-finder, anti-aircraft sights during WWII.

La Voisin. Burned at the stake for selling “inheritance powder” (poison), 1680. Poisons Affair.

Leningrad Affair. 1948. Purge of Zhdanov associates by Stalin.

Lerner, Alan. 1918-86. Lyricist. My Fair Lady. Camelot.

Lewis, Sinclair. 1885-1951. US writer of small town life: Babbit 1922. Elmer Gantry 1927.

Liberty Affair. 1768. British sieze Hancock’s sloop ’Liberty’ smuggling wine to Boston.

Lothair. 835-69. King of Lotharingia, 855. Disputes with Pope over annulment of his marriage.

Lothair I. 795-855. Carolingian Emperor, 840-. Failed attempt to reunite empire.

Lumumba, Patrice. 1925-61. Congo independence leader. First Prime Minister of Zaire 1960-. Deposed, murdered.

MacBride, Seán. 1904-88. Irish statesman. Founded Republican Party 1946. Foreign minister 1948-1951. Founder, chairman 1961-75 Amnesty International. Assistant UN Secretary General.

Marvell, Andrew. 1621-78. English satirical poet. To His Coy Mistress. Poems on Affairs of State 1689.

Medusa. Gorgon. Hair of snakes. Gaze turned people to stone.

Mendoza, Pedro de. 1487-1537. Spanish explorer. Founded Buenos Aires 1536.

Merovingians. 476-751. Frankish dynasty. Childeric founded; Clovis expanded empire to modern France, Germany, Belgium, N Italy. Austrasia, Neustria; 534+Burgundy. Clotaire. Carolingians.

Meyer, Lothair. 1830-95. Periodic structure 1870, indepently. Mendeleyev.

Mitchell, Reginald. 1895-1937. English designer of Spitfire aircraft.

Mobutu Sese Seko. 1930-97. President of Zaire 1971- by coup.

Molière, Jean-Baptiste. 1622-73. French comedy actor, playwright. School for Wives 1662. Tartuffe 1664. Don Juan 1665. Misanthrope. Died in role of Malade Imaginaire.

Monet, Claude. 1840-1926. Originator of Impressionist open-air painting direct from nature. Impression Sunrise 1872. Nymphéas 1906-26.

Montespan, Mme de. 1641-1707. Mistress of Louis XIV, 1667-80. Poisons Affair.

Montgolfier, Joseph. 1740-1810. Jacques, 1745-99. Brothers. First hot air balloon 1783.

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