Intelligentsia. 19C. Educated middle class Russians seeking reform.

International. Socialist revolutionary workers movements. First. 1864-76. Founded by Marx in London. Second. 1889-1914. Paris. IFTU. Revived in 1920s. Third. 1919-43. =COMINTERN. Stalin’s Vehicle for world-wide Communist Revolution. Fourth. 1938-53. Trotsky’s Transitional Program for reform.

Josiah. c640-609BC. King of Judah. Deuteronomy found in Temple. Religious reforms.

Juárez, Benito. 1806-72. Mexican hero. Leader 1855~. Overthrew Santa Anna. La Reforma.

Judaism. Monotheistic religion founded by Abraham, who had covenant with God. Branches include: Orthodox. 19C-. Rigorous adherence to original Jewish Law; Rabbinic. 70-18C. Priest replaced by Rabbi. Sacrifice...Study of Torah. Temple...Synagogue; Reform. 19C. Modern liberal interpretation of Judaism. Hasidism. Mishna. Moses.

Kappel, Wars. 1529,31. Swiss Reformation. Zwingli killed. Swiss cantons allowed to chose faiths.

Knights’ War. 1522-3. Failed German rebellion vs Reformation.

Knox, John. 1514-72. Scottish reformer, founder of austere Presbyterian Church of Scotland 1561.

Kwang-hsü. 1872-1908. Chinese Emperor. 1875-. Aunt Tz’u-hsi regent except 1889 Hundred Days of Reform.

Lateran Councils. Roman Catholic church councils. 1123,39 vs Schism of Arnold of Brescia. 1179 Crusade vs Albigens. 1215 Crusade. 1512-17 Reform.

Latimer, Hugh. 1485-1555. English Protestant Reformation churchman. Executed by Mary I.

Law, Bonar. 1858-1923. Scottish MP, British Prime Minister 1922-3. Tariff reforms.

Leopold II. 1747-92. Holy Roman Emperor 1790-. “Enlightened despot”. Liberal reforms. Declaration of Pillnitz for absolutism.

Lepidus, Marcus. -c77BC. Roman consul. Opposed Sulla’s reforms, 78. Defeated by Pompey in Etruria.

Liberal Party. 1832. British Social reform, free trade, Irish Home Rule. 1867 Canada. 1944 Australia.

Lollards. 1370-1530 English church reform movement. Wycliffe.

Lomonosov, Mikhail. 1711-65. Russian writer/scientist. Established U of Moscow. Reformed Russian literary language.

London Conference. 1933 Failed financial reforms to end Depresion.

Louvois, Marquis de. 1639-91. Louis XIV War Minister. Reformed army. Enforced Nantes revocation. Supervised construction of Invalides, Vendôme.

Luther, Martin. 1483-1546. German Christian reformer opposed to indulgences. Wittenberg. -’Even if heaven and hell do not exist, education is important’ Justification by faith alone. Melanchthon. 95 Theses 1517. Treatise on Christian Liberty. New Testament translated to vernacular 1522. Catechisms 1529. Canticles 1533. Excommunicated 1520, burns Papal Bull. Choral composer: moral effects of music.

Lycurgus. 9C BC. Totalitarian Spartan reformer. Created militaristic society.

Mad Parliament. 1258. Barons give financial aid to Henry III in exchange for reform. Oxford Provisions.

Majorian. -461. W Roman Emperor 457-. Tax reform. Murdered.

Malignar Agreements. 1936-7. Socialist reforms in France.

Mendelssohn, Moses. 1729-86. German Jewish reform philosopher. Nathan the Wise 1779.

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