Simony. Trading in church offices, sacred objects. Banned by Council of Chalcedon 451, and in England since Edward VI.

Sinn Fein. 1905. (=Ourselves Alone). Irish Nationalist movement. 1916 uprising. Founded Irish Free State. Legalized as political party in Northern Ireland, 1974. Political wing of IRA. De Valera.

Sistine Chapel. 1473. Vatican. Walls by Botticelli, Ghirlandaio; ceiling by Michelangelo 1508-12. Last Judgement 1534-41.

Six Articles, Statute. 1539-1547. Henry VIII’s statement of Church of England doctrine. Persecuted both adamant Catholics and Protestants.

Soane, John. 1753-1837. English Neoclassical architect, collector. Bank of England 1792-1833.

Socinianism. 1550-19C Unitarian-like religious sect. Christ divine by function, not nature. 1658 Poland.

Somalia. 1960 Independent union of British Somaliland + Italian Somaliland.

South Sea Bubble. 1711-20. England sold trade monopolies to reduce National Debt. Their resale at speculative prices led to financial ruin for thousands. George I implicated. Walpole.

Spanish Armada. 1588. English support Dutch Revolt. Philip II sends 129 ships against England. Howard, Drake, Hawkins, with 197 ships, chase the armada from English Channel, thanks to a NW gale. Spain declines as naval power. Wars of Religion.

Spanish Netherlands. 1581-1714. = Belgium, Luxembourg.

Spanish Succession, War. 1701-14. Britain, Holy Roman Empire, Netherlands vs Spain, France. Opposed French Philip V succession to Spanish throne creating power imbalance. Queen Anne’s War.

Speenhamland System. 1795-1834. British welfare system to aid poor.

Sprengtporten, G.M. 1740-1819. Finnish colonel. Finland to join Russian Empire.

Sri Lanka. (Ceylon). Veddah. 5C BC Sinhalese from northern India settle. 1100 Tamil(N)/ Sinh(S). 1505 Portugal. 1656 Netherlands. 1796 British. 1948 Independent. 1972 = Sri Lanka.

St Brice’s Day Massacre. 1002. Ethelred orders killing of Danes in England.

St Kitts and Nevis. St Kitts: Carib. 1493 Columbus discovers. 1623,4 British, French settle, dispute. 1783 British. Nevis: 1628 British settle. 1816 St Kitts +Nevis, Anguilla, Virgin Islands. 1871 Leeward Islands Federation. 1958-62 West Indies Federation. 1967 St Kitts, Nevis, Anguilla Autonomous. 1980 -Anguilla. 1983 Independent.

Stählberg, Kaarlo. 1865-1952. First President of independent Finland 1919-25. Constitution.

Stanford, Leland. 1824-93. US railroad builder. Stanford University 1885.

Stanislaw II. 1732-98. Last king of Poland 1764-95. Installed by his lover Catherine II.

Stevenson, Robert Louis. 1850-94. Scottish adventure novelist. Treasure Island 1882. Jekyll and Hyde 1886. Kidnapped 1886.

Still, Andrew. 1828-1917. US osteopathy founder.

Stockholm, Treaty. 1719. Sweden trades land for British aid, sells land to Prussia.

Strathclyde. 6C Celtic kingdom. 756 Northumbria. 921 England. 945 Scotland.

Strickland, Wm. 1787-1854. US Greek Revival architect.

Stuart. Family which ruled Scotland 1371-1714, England 1603-1714.

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