Irish Republican Army. IRA. 1919-. For a unified independent Ireland by terrorism (Provisional Wing) or by democratic means (Officials). Opposed Allies in WWII. Terrorism 1921-40, 1969-. Outlawed in Eire 1930, 36, 74. Sinn Fein.

Italian East Africa. 1936-41. Italian colonies in Africa. Ethiopia, Eritrea, Italian Somaliland.

Italian Somaliland. 1890 Italy. 1936-41 WWII Colony. 1960 +British Somaliland =Somalia.

Jackson, A.Y. 1882-1974. Canadian landscape painter. Led Group of Seven.

Jacobites. 1688-1753. Supporters of exiled James II and Stuart line after Glorious Revolution. 1715 “Old Pretender” James fails to claim British throne. 1745-6. Bonnie Prince Charlie unable to reclaim throne of England/Scotland. Stuart supporters aided rebels in Scotland and Ireland. Culloden Moor.

Jagiello. 14-16C. Dynasty ruling Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania.

James I. 1566-1625. James VI of Scotland 1567-. King of England 1603-. United Scotland and England. Authorized Bible 1611.“Wisest fool in Christianity”. Gunpowder Plot. Religious controversy.

James II. 1430-60. King of Scotland 1437-. Attacked England 1460.

James III. 1452-88. King of Scotland 1460-. Killed by rebels at Sauchieburn.

James IV. 1473-1513. King of Scotland 1488-. Allied with France vs England. Killed at Flodden.

James V. 1512-42. Catholic king of Scotland, 1513-. Allied with France vs Henry VIII.

Jellicoe, John. 1859-1935. British WWI Admiral. Jutland.

Jenkins’ Ear, War. 1739-43. England vs Spain over restrictions of trade with Spanish colonies...War of Austrian Succession. Spanish cut ear, 1731.

Jesuit Estates Act. 1888. Quebec awards restitution to Jesuits for British land appropriation 1773.

John. Lackland. 1167-1216. King of England 1199-. Lost Normandy. Forced to sign Magna Carta 1215. Excommunicated 1209. Lost Anjou.

John III. 1629-96. King of Poland 1674-. “Champion of Christendom” saved Vienna from Turks 1683.

John Paul II. 1920-. Poland. Authoritarian conservative pope 1978-. Wounded 1981 by Islamic fanatic. Most trips. More canonization than previous popes combined.

Joseph of Arimathea, St. Buried Jesus in his own tomb. By legend, brought Holy Grail to England.

Juliana. 1909-. Queen of Netherlands 1948-80.

July Revolution. 1830. France. Thiers. Charles X abdicates and flees to England. Louis-Philippe ascends. Caused by July Ordinances.

Junkers. Prussian landowner class. Dominated admin., military.

Jutes. Germanic tribe who invaded England 5C. Established Canterbury.

Jutland, Battle. 1916. Jellicoe’s indecisive attempt to trap German fleet.

Kaliningrad. 1946- On site of Königsberg, destroyed 1945. Russian enclave surrounded by Poland, Lithuania.

Kamehameha I. c1758-1819. Hawaiian king 1810-. United islands.

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