Congress Poland. 1815-64. Polish Kingdom created by Congress of Vienna. Ruled by Russian Czar.

Constable, John. 1776-1837. English Naturalist landscape painter. Hay Wain 1821. Valley Farm. Waterloo Bridge 1831.

Conventice Acts. 1593, 1664-1689. Suppressed dissension in Church of England.

Cook, James. 1728-79. English explorer. Sailed to Tahiti to see transit of Venus, 1768. Charted New Zealand 1769. Claimed Australia 1770.

Copland, Aaron. 1900-90. US composer blending Jewish, folk, jazz, and Latin influences into a popular style. Experimented with serial techniques.

Craig, James. 1871-1940. First Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, 1921-.

Creek War. 1813-14. Creek Indians defeated by Jackson, give up lands to US.

Cricket. 1598 derived from Club ball. 1877 First Test Match Australia/England.

Crimean War. 1853-6. Russian attempt to get a Mediterranean port stopped by Turkey, England, France, Sardinia. Dispute over Holy places in Palestine.

Cromwell, Oliver. 1599-1658. Led revolution in England, 1649. Lord Protector of the Realm, 1653-. Commonwealth Head of Government, 1649-. Signed Charles I death warrant.

Cromwell, Richard. 1626-1712. Lord Protector of England. 1658-9. Son of Oliver.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Culpeper’s Rebellion. 1677-79. Carolina colonists vs England. Establish their own government.

Cumberland, Richard. 1631-1718. Philosopher, “father” of English Utilitarianism.

Cyclades. Greek Islands in Delian League.

Cyril and Methodius, Sts. -c869/885. Apostles of Slavs. Translated liturgy, invented Cyrillic alphabet.

Czechoslovakia. 1918 Formed in breakup of Austro-Hungarian Empire. 1920 Little Entente. 1938 -Sudetenland. 1939-45 German occupation. 1949 People’s Democratic Republic. 1968 Prague Spring. 1991 Republic. 1993 Split into Czech Republic and Slovakia.

D-Day. June 6, 1944. Normandy Landing.

Danelaw. 878-955. NE England under Viking occupation and the laws in effect.

David I. 1084-1153. King of Scotland 1124-. Introduced feudalism to Scotland.

David II. 1324-71. Scottish King 1329-. Son of Robert the Bruce. Invaded England 1346. Imprisoned 1346-57.

Davis, John. 1550-1605. British explorer, Davis Strait 1585, Falkland Is. 1592. Invented backstaff quadrant 1594.

Dawes Act. 1887. US law granting citizenship and land rights to individual Indians.

De Valéra, Eamon. 1882-1975. US/Irish mathematician. Led Easter Uprising. Led Sinn Fein, 1917-26. Founded Fianna Fáil 1926. Prime Minister of Irish Free State, 1931~59. President 59-73.

Defoe, Daniel. 1660-1731. English writer: Robinson Crusoe 1719; Moll Flanders 1722. Idea of savings bank, 1697.

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