Orsini. 12C-. Influential Roman family. Popes Celestine III, Nicholas III, Benedict XIII.

Otto I. The Great. 912-73. King of Germany, 936-. Founded Holy Roman Empire, 962. Deposed Pope John XII.

Papal States. 756-1870. Italian territory under Pope. Recognized 1279 by HRE; lost during Italian Unification. Pepin Donation.

Paschal II. -1118. Italian pope 1099-. Investiture Controversy.

Paul III. 1468-1549. Pope 1534-. Sanctioned Jesuits.

Paul IV. Pope 1555-9. Curtailed corruption. Roman Inquisition. Created Jewish ghetto in Rome 1555.

Paul VI. 1897-1978. Pope 1963-. Encyclical on birth control.

Peter, St. -64. Leader of Jesus’ disciples. First pope. Crucified upside-down by Nero.

Pisa, Council. 1409. Elected Alexander V as third pope in failed attempt to end Great Schism.

Pius VII. 1742-1823. Pope 1800-. Excommunicated Napoleon after French annexed Papal States. Imprisoned 1809-14.

Pius IX. 1792-1878. Pope 1846-. Longest reign. Defined Immaculate Conception 1854 Papal Infallibility. Syllabus Errorum 1864 criticized Liberalism.

Pius XII. Pope 1939-58. Proclaimed neutrality in WWII.

Pope. Head of Roman Catholic Church, Bishop of Rome. Considered the infallible vicar of Christ.

Pope, Alexander. 1688-1744. English satirist, poet and philosopher: On Criticism 1711. Rape of the Lock 1712-4. Essay on Man 1732-4.

Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges. 1438-61. France limits power of pope.

Provisors, Statutes of. 1351, 1390. Limited pope’s power in England.

Robert of Geneva. Clement VII, Antipope.

Roman Catholic Church. 30-. Branch of Christianity recognizing Pope as successor to St Peter. East-West Schism. Eastern Orthodoxy. Protestantism.

Salians. Dynasty. Ruled HRE 1024-1125. Investiture Controversy with pope.

Scriblerus Club. 18C English literary club. Satirized contemporary writing. Swift. Pope.

Sixtus IV. 1414-84. Pope 1471-. Built Sistine Chapel.

Stephen II. Pope 752-57. First to rule Papal states.

Swiss Guards. 1505- Swiss Mercenaries protecting monarchs, Pope. 600 massacred at Tuileries 1791. 1825- Incorporated in Vatican forces. Julius II.

Urban II. 1035-95. Pope 1088-. Forbade clergy to pay homage to temporal powers. Crusades.

Urban V. 1310-70. Avignon pope. Returned to Rome temporarily 1367-70.

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