Cristofori, Bartolomeo. 1655-1731. First piano, c1710.

Croker, JW. 1833. Coined ’Conservative’ for Tory.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Culhwch + Olwen. c1100. Earliest Arthurian romance.

Cunaxa, Battle. 401BC. Failed revolt vs Artaxerxes II. Retreat of the Ten Thousand.

Cyprus. Stone, Bronze Age civilizations. 1450BC Egypt. 1200BC Greek. 1000 Phoenicia. 709 Assyria. 569 Egypt. 6C Persia. 333 Macedonia. 294 Egypt. 47BC Rome...330 AD Byzantine. 7C Moslem. 1191 Crusaders. 1489 Venice. 1571 Turk. 1878 British lease...1914 Britain annexes. 1927 Crown Colony. 1960 Republic. 1963-4 Civil War, Greece and Turkey intervene. 1974 Turkey invades, partition.

Cyrus the Younger. -401BC. Conspired vs Artaxerxes. Killed at Cunaxa.

Dada. Anarchistic, deliberately shocking “non-art” begun in Zurich, 1916. Led to Surrealism. Arp. Duchamp. Ernst.

Daedalus. Builder of the Crete labyrinth. Escaped Minos with artificial wings. Icarus.

Dalou, Jules. 1838-1902. French Baroque sculptor of public monuments.

Dalton, John. 1766-1844. English scientist. Law of Partial Pressures. Color blindness 1793.

Damiens, Robert-François. 1715-1757. Stabbed Louis XV. Quartered.

Dance, George. (The Younger). 1741-1825. English Neoclassical architect College of Surgeons 1813. Founder, Royal Academy.

Danu. Celtic earth goddess.

Dario, Ruben. 1867-1916. Published Azul 1888, starting Modernismo movement.

Darius II. Persian King, 423-404BC. Allied with Sparta vs Athens. Lost Egypt.

Darnley, Lord. 1545-67. 2nd husband of Mary Queen of Scots. Assassinated.

Davout, Louis. 1770-1823. Napoleon’s general, Minister of War 1815.

Decadents. 19C. Writers who believed art should be above conventional morality. Mallarmé. Wilde. Verlaine.

Delany, Martin. 1812-85. US black physician. Founded Mystery newspaper for black rights.

Delisle, Guillaume. 1675-1726. French “Father of Cartography”. Early accurate maps.

Denis, St. -250. Patron St. of France, martyred first bishop of Paris. Carried his head to St-Denis Abbey.

Descartes, René. 1596-1650. French Rationalist philosopher, physician, mathematician. Cartesian coordinates. Discourse on Method 1637. “Cogito ergo sum”-I think, therefore I am. Analytical Geometry 1636. Meditations 1641. Principia Philosophica 1645.

Diadochi, Wars of. 321-281BC. Partition of Empire among Alexander’s generals.

Diana. Roman goddess of hunt and moon = Artemis.

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