Sixtus IV. 1414-84. Pope 1471-. Built Sistine Chapel.

SPQR Senatus Populusque Romanus. = The Senate and People of Rome.

Stephen II. Pope 752-57. First to rule Papal states.

Storm, Theodor. 1817-88. German Realist writer. Rider of the White Horse 1838. Pole Poppenspäler 1874.

Swiss Guards. 1505- Swiss Mercenaries protecting monarchs, Pope. 600 massacred at Tuileries 1791. 1825- Incorporated in Vatican forces. Julius II.

Sydenham, Thomas. 1624-89. English doctor. Popularized quinine vs malaria, iron for anemia. Described scarlet fever.

Urban II. 1035-95. Pope 1088-. Forbade clergy to pay homage to temporal powers. Crusades.

Urban V. 1310-70. Avignon pope. Returned to Rome temporarily 1367-70.

Urban VI. 1318-89. Avignon pope 1378-. Caused Schism.

Urban VIII. 1568-1644. Pope 1623-. Supported France in Thirty Years War.

Vallee, Rudy. 1901-86. US. First pop music star.

Wolsey, Thomas. c1475-1530. English cardinal. Lord Chancellor to Henry VIII. Lost influence when unable to secure divorce from Catherine of Aragon. Built Hampton Court Palace as gift for Henry VIII. Unpopularity a cause of Reformation.

Worms, Concordat of. 1122. Agreement between Pope Calixtus and Emperor Henry V to share power to appoint bishops and abbots. Spiritualia, regalia vested separately.

Worms, Synod. 1076. Called by Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV to depose Pope Gregory VII. 1122 Concordat of Worms.

Aberhart, William. 1878-1943. Canadian Social Credit advocate.

Abolitionists. 1774-1868. US anti-slavery party. Merged into Republicans. Radical Republicans.

Aboukir, Battle. Nelson defeats French fleet, 1798. Napoleon defeats Turks, 1799.

Abstract Art. 20C. Color, line and form without subject. Begun by Cezanne.

Actaeon. Mythical Greek hunter, turned into a stag for watching Artemis bathing.

Afghanistan. c200BC Aryan. 6C BC Achaemenid. 330 Alexander...Seleucid/ Maurya. 2C BC Persia/ India/ Parthia/ Kushan. 7C Arab (NW). 750 Persia (W)/ Hindu (E). 1219 Mongol...Timurid. 1525 Mogul. 1737 Persia. 1747 Monarchy. 19 C Britain/Russia dispute 1880 British suzerainty. 1919 Independent. 1973 Marxist coup, Republic. 1978 Communist coup. 1979 Russian occupation. 1989 Mujahideen expel Russians aided by CIA. 1990s Warlords. 2001 US attack Taliban.

African National Congress. ANC. 1912-. Organization for black rights in South Africa outlawed to 1990. 1994- Ruling party. Mandela.

Agam, Yaacov. 1928-. Israeli optical artist.

Agnes, St. 4C. Roman girl martyred at 13.

Alban, St. -c303. First British martyr.

Alberti, Leon. 1404-72. Italian Renaissance Man. Artist, poet, geographer, mathematician.

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