Pius IX. 1792-1878. Pope 1846-. Longest reign. Defined Immaculate Conception 1854 Papal Infallibility. Syllabus Errorum 1864 criticized Liberalism.

Pius XII. Pope 1939-58. Proclaimed neutrality in WWII.

Plague. 429-425BC Athens. 33% died. 1347-53 Europe. (Black Death). Killed 25-50% population. 1603~65 England. 1720 Provençe. 1710 Scandinavia. 1894 China, Hong Kong. 100,000 died, 10M around world.

Pope. Head of Roman Catholic Church, Bishop of Rome. Considered the infallible vicar of Christ.

Pope, Alexander. 1688-1744. English satirist, poet and philosopher: On Criticism 1711. Rape of the Lock 1712-4. Essay on Man 1732-4.

Popish Plot. 1678. Oates’ fictitious allegations of conspiracy led to persecution of Catholics.

Popol Vuh. 16C manuscript on Mayan culture.

Popov, Aleksandr. 1859-1905. Russian physicist: radio antenna.

Poppaea Sabina. -65. Second wife, kicked to death by Nero.

Popper, Karl. 1902-94. Austrian/British philosopher. Objective knowledge. All knowledge grows from conjecture and refutation. Social advance made one step at a time.

Popular Fronts. 1930s. Political coalitions of opposing parties vs Fascists in France, Spain.

Popular Sovereignty. 1850s. US territories could join Union as free or slave states. Bleeding Kansas.

Populism. 1870-1902. Russian socialist revolutionaries. Narodniki.

Populist Movement. 1890s. US agrarian reform coalition.

Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges. 1438-61. France limits power of pope.

Provisors, Statutes of. 1351, 1390. Limited pope’s power in England.

Puccini, Giacomo. 1858-1924. Popular Italian naturalist opera composer: La Boheme 1896. Tosca 1900. Madame Butterfly 1904.

Rauschenberg, Robert. 1925-. US Pop artist. Collage. Trapeze 1964.

Robert of Geneva. Clement VII, Antipope.

Roman Catholic Church. 30-. Branch of Christianity recognizing Pope as successor to St Peter. East-West Schism. Eastern Orthodoxy. Protestantism.

Rubinstein, Arthur. 1886-1982. Popular Polish/US pianist.

Salians. Dynasty. Ruled HRE 1024-1125. Investiture Controversy with pope.

Schiller, Friedrich. 1759-1805. German Romantic writer of historical dramas and lyric poetry. Popularized William Tell 1804. -“inner direction” Wallenstein 1800.

Scriblerus Club. 18C English literary club. Satirized contemporary writing. Swift. Pope.

Sioux. Popular name for Dakota Confederation of American Indian tribes. Little Bighorn. Wounded Knee.

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