Socinianism. 1550-19C Unitarian-like religious sect. Christ divine by function, not nature. 1658 Poland.

Solidarity. 1980. Polish workers movement led by Walesa. Martial Law 1981-83. Democratic elections 1989.

South Sea Bubble. 1711-20. England sold trade monopolies to reduce National Debt. Their resale at speculative prices led to financial ruin for thousands. George I implicated. Walpole.

Spain. c3000BC Iberians. c11C BC Phoenicians. c10C Celts. 6C Basques. c5C Carthage. 3C BC Rome. 5C Vandals, Visigoths. 711 Moslems. 801 Charlemagne. 10C independent kingdoms of Castile, León, Aragon, Navarre. 1031-1492 Reconquista. 1143 Portugal independent. 1479 Aragon, Castile unite. 1492 Moors final defeat. 1512 + Navarre =Spain. 1808 Napoleon. 1898 -Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico. Spanish American War. 1931 Republic. 1936 Civil War. 1939 Franco. 1975 Parliamentary Monarchy. ETA. New Spain.

Splendid Isolation. 1895-1902. Salisbury foreign policy. British naval strength required no ally.

Spoils System. 19C US political patronage.

SS. 1928-1945. Nazi police reporting directly to Hitler. Blackshirts. Gestapo. Himmler. SA.

St Helena. 1502 Portugal discovers. 1659 British. 1815-21 Napoleon exiled. 1922 + Ascension Is. 1938 + Tristan da Cunha.

Staël, Germaine de. 1766-1817. French woman of letters. Opposed Napoleon. Exiled. Corinne 1807. Germany 1810.

Stalin, Joseph. 1879-1953. Soviet bloodthirsty revolutionary. Leader 1924-. 5 Year Plans modernized Russia. 1928 Collectivization. 1932- Dictator. 1936-8 Purge. Turned Marxism to Nationalism and Imperialism. World Socialist Revolution under USSR. 1952 abolished Politburo.

Stalin Line. Soviet defensive fortifications along Polish border.

Stanislaw I. 1677-1766. Polish king 1704-9, 1733-5. 1733 return sparked War of Polish Succession.

Stanislaw II. 1732-98. Last king of Poland 1764-95. Installed by his lover Catherine II.

Stasi.1949-1990. East German secret police affiliated with KGB.

States’ Rights. US political doctrine. Restricts federal power.

Stephen Báthory. 1533-86. Polish king 1575-. Won Livonia from Russia.

Stepniak, S. 1852-95. Russian Nihilist writer. Assassinated czar’s police chief. -“Life for life”.

Stokowski, Leopold. 1882-1977. US conductor of contemporary and unusual works.

Stolypin, Pyotr. 1862-1911. Russian Prime Minister 1906-. Used secret police to control revolutionaries. Moderate reforms.

Storm, Theodor. 1817-88. German Realist writer. Rider of the White Horse 1838. Pole Poppenspäler 1874.

Succession States. 1918. Former Austria-Hungary territories: Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Poland, Austria, Hungary.

Sultan. Islamic spiritual and political leader.

Tahiti. French Polynesia.

Taine, Hippolyte. 1828-93. French Positivist scientific historian.

Talleyrand, Maurice de. 1754-1838. French politician under Directory and Empire. Congress of Vienna.

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