Richelieu, Cardinal. 1585-1642. French politician 1624-. Built power of Louis XIII.

Riga, Treaties. 1920 Russia recognizes Latvian independence. 1921 Russia cedes land to Poland.

Ritter, Johann. 1776-1810. Polish/German discoverer of UV light.

Robbins, Frederick. 1916-. US physician. Discovered polio virus with Enders, Weller.

Rome, Treaty of. 1957. Established EEC, Atomic Energy policy.

Root-Takahira Agreement. 1908. US-Japan. Maintains Open Door policy in China.

Rosetta Stone. 196BC Multilingual stone used by Champollion to decipher hieroglyphics 1821.

Ross, James. 1800-62. Scottish discoverer of North magnetic pole 1831 with uncle John Ross.

Ross, John. 1777-1856. Scottish. Led North magnetic pole expedition.

Rubinstein, Arthur. 1886-1982. Popular Polish/US pianist.

Ruffo, Fabrizio. 1744-1827. Cardinal. Led successfull rebellion vs Napoleon in Naples, 1799.

Russian Campaign. 1812. Napoleon’s march on Moscow. 10,000 of 100,000 return. Grande Armée.

Russian Revolution. 1905. Led to Duma, Constitution and end of Mir system. Police gradually regained authority. October Manifesto. Bloody Sunday. 1917 Feb: Liberal republicans overthrow Czar. Oct: Lenin’s Bolsheviks overthrow Kerensky’s Provisional Government, withdraw from WWI.

Russification. Attempted conversion of local language and culture by settlement of large numbers of Russians. 19C Poland, Finland. 20C Kazakstan. Baltic.

Russo-Polish War. 1919-20. Polish attempt to liberate Ukraine repulsed.

Salk, Jonas. 1914-95. US discoverer of polio vaccine 1954.

Sandwich, Montagu, 4th earl. 1718-92. British politician. Invented sandwich 1762.

Sapir, Edward. 1884-1939. Polish/US linguist. Studied North American Indian languages.

Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. German dynasty includes Belgian Leopold I 1831-; Albert, Prince-Consort, England. 1840-; Ferdinand, Prince-Consort, Portugal. 1836-; Prince of Bulgaria 1887-1946.

Saxony. 843 «East Frankish Kingdom. 919-1024 Ruled HRE. 1180 Divided. 1697 Elector (King) of Poland. 1785 Fürstenbund. 1806 Napoleon creates Kingdom. 1815 Half to Prussia. 1815 German Confederation. 1835 Zollverein. 1867 North German Confederation. 1871 German Empire. 1918 Abolished monarchy. 1920 Republic. 1933 Germany.

Scarlatti, Alessandro. 1660-1725. Italian composer of oratorios and operas. Neapolitan School. Influenced classical harmony.

Schönbrunn, Peace. 1809. Austria lost land to France, Russia, Bavaria, Warsaw in Napoleonic Wars.

Schwarzenberg, Karl, Fürst zu. 1771-1820. Austrian. Commanded with Napoleon in Russia. Later led Allies vs Napoleon.

Scotland Yard. Site of Palace where Scottish kings stayed. 1829- HQ, London Metropolitan Police.

Scott, Robert. 1868-1912. English Antarctic explorer. Died returning from the South Pole.

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