Navarre College. Paris 1304. Founded by Jean de Navarre. Now École Polytechnique.

Neapolitan. 17-18 C School of Music. Elegant, stylized opera, often weak in drama. Scarlatti.

New Deal. 1933-9. Roosevelt’s economic policy vs Depression. TVA, CWA, WPA.

New Economic Policy. 1921-8. Russian economic program. Limited free enterprise. Replaced by Five Year Plans.

New Hebrides. Melanesians, Polynesians. 1606 de Quiros discovers. 1768 Bougainville rediscovers. 1774 Cook charts. 1887 Joint French/English admin. 1980 -Vanuatu.

Newman, John. 1801-90. English theologian, writer, founded Oxford Movement. Apologia pro Vita Sua 1868.

Ney, Michel. 1769-1815. Marshal under Napoleon. Shot after second Restoration. “Bravest of the brave”-Napoleon.

Nicholas I. 1796-1855. Czar 1825-. Autocratic. Russification of Finland, Poland, Ukraine, Baltic. Established Third Section. Policy of autocracy, orthodoxy, Nationalism.

Nicopolis, Battle. 1396. Turks crushed Crusaders. Ended European opposition to Ottoman expansion into Balkans.

NKVD. 1934-46. Soviet secret police. KGB.

Nobile, Umberto. 1885-1978. Italian general, flew over South Pole in a dirigible, 1926, with Amundsen, Ellsworth.

Northern War, First. 1655-60. Sweden vs Poland and allies. Sweden wins Danish territory. Poland renounces claim to Swedish throne.

Nostradamus. 1503-66. French astrologer. Prophesied Napoleon and Hitler.

Notre-Dame. 12-13C School of early polyphonic music. Léonin.

November Insurrection. 1830-1. Polish fail to overthrow Russian domination.

Nuremberg Rallies. 1933-8. Annual Nazi festivals followed by Hitler policy speech.

Ockeghem, Johannes. c1430-96. Innovative Franco-Flemish polyphonist composer. Masses, motets.

Oder-Neisse Line. 1945- Polish-German border established by Potsdam Conference.

O’Donnell, Leopoldo. 1809-67. Spanish general with Isabella II vs Carlists.

Ogadai. 1185-1241. Mongol ruler 1229-41. Conquered China to Poland, Hungary.

OGPU. 1923. Soviet secret police. 1934 NKVD. KGB.

Okhrana. 1881-1917. Czar’s secret police. Cheka.

Old Ironsides. 1797. US frigate Constitution. Tripolitan War. War of 1812.

Olivares, Conde de. 1587-1645. Spanish Prime Minister 1625-43. Policies of warfare, tax caused revolt.

Open Door. 1900-39. US policy of equal trade rights with China.

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