Hippolyte. Amazon queen with gold girdle.

Hippolytus, St. c170-235. Italian martyr. First Antipope, 217-.

Hitler, Adolf. 1889-1945. Austrian/German Nazi Chancellor 1933-, dictator 1934-. Expansionist policies led to WWII. Mein Kampf 1925.

Hospitallers, Knights. 11C-. Order of St. John. First devoted to aid of pilgrims to Holy Land. Prominent in crusades. Bought Rhodes 1309. Expelled by Ottomans, 1522. Given Malta by Charles V, 1530. Expelled by Napoleon, 1798. = Knights of Malta.

Hudson’s Bay Company. 1670-. England. Explored Canada. Sought NW passage. Trading posts. Fur trade. Monopoly 1821-58. Seven Oaks Massacre.

Hundred Days. 1815. March 20 to July 8; Napoleon’s escape from Elba to his second abdication. 1933. Began Roosevelt’s administration. New Deal enacted.

Igor. 1151-1202. Russian prince defeated by Polotsy. Hero of literature.

Income Tax. Britain: 1193 Walter to ransom Richard I. 1799-1815 To finance war vs Napoleon. 10% over £200; 1842 Peel 3%. US: 1862-72 3% over $800 (5% if outside US); 1913 over $3000 only.

Institute of France. 226 members. Comprises Académie Française, 1635; Inscriptions and Belle Lettres, 1663; Science, 1666; Fine Arts 1795; Political Science, 1832. Four Nations.

Invalides. 1670-7. Louis XIV built to house 4,000 invalid soldiers. Architect: Bruant, dome by Mansart. Tomb of Napoleon.

Irredentists. 1878. Italian political party with object of incorporating neighbouring regions.

Isolationism. 19C-1916. US foreign policy of noninvolvement in foreign affairs.

Jagiello. 14-16C. Dynasty ruling Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania.

January Insurrection. 1863-4. Unsuccessful Polish revolution vs Russia.

Jaruzelski, Wojciech. 1923-. Polish leader 1981-90. Banned Solidarity -1989. First free elections, 1989, since WWII.

Jena-Auerstadt, Battles. 1806. Napoleonic victories over Prussians led to fall of Berlin.

John III. 1629-96. King of Poland 1674-. “Champion of Christendom” saved Vienna from Turks 1683.

John Paul II. 1920-. Poland. Authoritarian conservative pope 1978-. Wounded 1981 by Islamic fanatic. Most trips. More canonization than previous popes combined.

Joséphine, Empress. 1763-1814. Widow of beheaded General de Beauharnais, wife of Napoleon 1796-1809; divorced.

Kaliningrad. 1946- On site of Königsberg, destroyed 1945. Russian enclave surrounded by Poland, Lithuania.

Katyn Affair. 1940 massacre of Polish officers by Russian troops discovered 1943. Denied, blamed on Nazis. Ignored by Allies. Soviets admit responsibility, 1992.

Kellogg-Briand Pact. 1928. Outlawed war as an instrument of national policy. Signed by 62 countries. Kellogg. Briand.

Kennedy, John. 1917-63. US President 1961-. -“New Frontier”. Peace Corps. Apollo Program. Cuban Missile Crisis. Assassinated by Oswald. Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty.

KGB. 1954-. Soviet secret police. =Cheka -1922; GPU 1922; OGPU 1923-34; NKVD 1934-46; MGB 1946-53. 1991 Split into FSB (domestic) and FIS (foreign).

King’s Friends. 1759-1800. British political party. Became Tory party.

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