Gestapo. 1933-45. Hitler’s internal secret police under Goering.

Gibbons, Orlando. 1583-1625. English polyphonic composer.

Glasnost. Openness. Gorbachev’s policy to promote freedom of expression, reduce secrecy.

Gneisenau, August. 1760-1831. Prussian general vs Napoleon.

Goldwyn, Samuel. 1882-1974. Polish/US film producer with De Mille. MGM.

GPU. 1922-23. Russian Secret Police. OGPU.

Grand Army of the Republic. 1866-1956. Political organization of American Civil War veterans.

Grande Armée. 1805-12. Napoleon’s 1,000,000 man army; combined smaller armies for central control.

Granger Movement. 19C. US farmers’ co-ops, political lobbies.

Greek Fire. 648. Byzantine secret weapon. Flammable substance that ignited on contact with water invented by Callinicus of Heliopolis.

Gros, Antoine. 1771-1835. French painter of Napoleon’s military career.

Guilds. 11C-. Associations of merchants and craftsmen creating monopolistic protection.

Hand, Learned. 1872-1961. US jurist. Alcoa Antitrust case. Monopoly unlawful. No duty not to minimize one’s taxes 1947.

Handel, George Frideric. 1685-1759. German/ English composer of oratorio, Italian opera. Peak of polyphonic music. Water Music 1717. Messiah 1741. Music for Royal Fireworks 1749.

Hardenberg, Karl von. 1750-1822. Prussian chancellor 1810- during Napoleonic Wars. Citizenship to Jews.

Hauptman, Gerhart. 1862-1946. Polish/German poet and writer. The Weavers 1892.

Hawaii. c400 Polynesians. 1778 Cook discovers = Sandwich Is. 1795 UK. 1894 Republic. 1898 US. 1959 State.

Haymarket Riot. 1886. Anarchist bomb kills 7 police at Chicago labour demonstration.

Helicon. Greek mountain dedicated to the Muses and Apollo.

Heliopolis. 1800. Egyptian battle. Kléber defeats Mameluks. Original site of Cleopatra’s Needles.

Helios. Greek sun god before Apollo.

Hellenistic Art. c330-50BC. Cosmopolitan culturally diverse period of Alexander’s empire. Sensual, emotional sculpture. Dying Gaul. Laocoön.

Henrican Articles. 1573. Limited authority of Polish kings.

Hexapolis. 700BC. 6 city trading league. Rhodes.

Heyerdahl, Thor. 1914-2002. Norwegian anthropologist. Expeditions: Kon-Tiki 1947, Ra II 1969.

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