Tamworth Manifesto. 1834. Peel’s moderate reforms as British Conservative Party platform.

Tannenberg, Battle. 1410. Victory of Poles and Lithuanians ends Teutonic Knights’ expansion. 1914. Germans rout 2 Russian armies, crippling them for rest of WWI.

Taylor, Frederick. 1856-1915. US engineer, created efficiency methods. Principles of Scientific Management 1911.

Technocracy. 1931- US movement advocating reorganization of society on technological principles.

Teleological Argument. God exists as master planner, because universe exhibits purpose. Duty derives from what is good as end to be achieved. Aristotle. Kant.

Tell, William. 13-14C/Legendary Swiss hero of Altdorf. Shot apple off son’s head on orders of Austrian governor, Gessler.

Templars. 1119-1312. Founded by Baldwin II and 9 knights in the Holy Land to protect pilgrims. Created International banking system, 9,000 commanderies, and owned 1/4 of Paris when dissolved by Philip IV, 1307; and Edward II, 1308. Council of Vienne.

Temple, William. 1628-99. English diplomat. Arranged Triple Alliance, marriage of William and Mary.

Temple of Jerusalem. First: 957BC. Solomon. Destroyed 586BC by Nebuchadnezzar. Rebuilt 515BC.

Terrorism. Zealots. Cagoulards. Baader-Meinhof. Irish Republican Army. Hamas. PLO. Osama. Taliban. al-Qaeda.

Teutons. Former peoples of Germany.

Texas. 16C Spanish explore. 1685 French settle. 1716 Spanish settle. 1821 Mexico. 1836 Independent republic. Alamo. 1845 US state. Mexican War. 1860-69 Confederacy.

Theodosius II. 401-50. Emperor of Eastern Roman Empire 408-. Theodosian Code. University of Constantinople 425.

Thompson, David. 1770-1857. Explored western US, Columbia River.

Thousand, Expedition of the. 1860. Garibaldi takes Sicily, Naples for Victor Emmanuel II.

Thrace. Region of SE Balkan peninsula. c700BC Greek colonies. c512-480BC Persia. 4C BC Macedonia. 1C BC Rome...Byzantine. 7C Bulgaria(N). 1453 Ottoman. Post WWI split Turkey/Greece/Bulgaria.

Three Principles of the People. 1923. Sun Yat-sen: Nationalism, freedom from Imperial rule; Democracy; Livelihood.

Tithes. 10% tax paid to church. Implemented by Christians, 4C-9C. Enforced by law 8C; 10C England. Abolished: 1789 France, 1887 Italy, 1871 Ireland. 1836 England converted to rent and reduced; abolished 1936.

Titus. 39-81. Roman Emperor. Destroyed Jerusalem and Temple. Built Colosseum, 80.

Toltec. 9-13C. C. Mexican urban warrior peoples. Sun worshippers. Defeated by Aztecs.

Tombaugh, Clyde. 1906-97. US. First to see Pluto, 1930.

Tonga. c500BC Polynesians. 1616 Dutch explore. 1777 Cook. 1900 British protectorate. 1970 Independent.

Tory. Term (Irish = outlaw) applied 1679 to Duke of York supporters. English Royalist political party 1690-1830, refounded as Conservative Party 1833. In US: =colonists loyal to Britain during American Revolution.

Trabzon Empire. 1204-1461. Independent Byzantine Empire after fall of Constantinople. Defeated by Ottomans.

Trafalgar, Battle. 1805. Nelson’s victory over the French and Spanish fleets. British naval superiority secured. Nelson killed. Ends Napoleon’s plans to invade England.

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