Plains of Abraham, Battle. 1759. British defeat French, capture Quebec. New France falls. Wolfe, Montcalm killed.

Plainsong. Gregorian chant. Singing in unison without harmony.

Planck, Max. 1858-1947. German physicist. Defined energy quantum 1900.

Plantagenet. 1154-1485. English dynasty. Lancaster, York. Angevins. Geoffrey.

Plantagenet, Richard. Duke of York. 1411-60. Protector during king’s insanity, 1454. Claims to succession led to War of Roses.

Planudes Maximus. 1260-c1310. Byzantine monk. Edited Greek Anthology of prose and poetry 1302.

Plassey, Battle. 1757. British conquer Bengal.

Plata, La. 1776-1910. Spanish viceroyalty in South America. Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay.

Plataea, Battle. 479BC. Persians driven from Greece by Pausanias.

Plateresque. 16C Spanish architectural style. Intricate, heavy ornamentation.

Plato. c428-347BC. Greek philosopher, disciple of Socrates’ Dialogs. Free-will. Republic. “There exist absolute truths. Mind imprints its idea on matter. Mind has always existed and seeks to free itself from matter and return to God.” Founded Academy c387. Symposium c384. Apologia c399. Quest for good will lead to harmony in the world.

Platonism. Perceptions approximate an ideal reality of eternal ideas.

Platt Amendment. 1901. US law/agreement governing relations with Cuba. Cuba broke agreement 1934.

Plautus. c254-184BC. Roman comic poet: Amphitryon.

Plebeians. -287BC. Roman common citizens. Patricians.

Plehve, Vyacheslav. 1846-1904. Russian official. Forced Russification. Pogroms vs Jews.

Pleiad. c280BC Alexandrian tragic poets.

Pléiade, La. 16C. French Renaissance poets, aimed to enrich French language. Ronsard, Bellay, Belleau, Jodelle, Dorat, Baïf, Tyard.

Pleiades. 7 Greek mythological daughters of Atlas, became constellation.

Pleistocene. c2,500,000-8,000BC. Ice Age.

Plekhanov, Georgi. 1857-1918. Russian revolutionary tried to reconcile Bolsheviks, Mensheviks.

Plimsoll, Samuel. 1824-98. English reformer. Defined ship loading mark.

Pliny the Elder. 23-79. Roman naturalist. Died investigating Vesuvius eruption.Historia Naturalis.

Pliny the Younger. c62-113. Wrote letters of Roman life.

PLO. Palestine Liberation Organization.

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