Messiaen, Olivier. 1908-92. Revolutionary French composer. Experimented with Indian music, bird song, complex rhythms, unusual instruments.

Metternich, Fürst von. 1773-1859. Austrian prince, chancellor, defender of Absolutism. Quadruple Alliance vs Napoleon. Holy Alliance. Architect of Vienna Congress, 1814.

Michael VIII. 1224-82. Byzantine Emperor 1259-. Won Constantinople from Latins. Founded Paleologus dynasty.

Miller, Arthur. 1915-2005. US playwright. Death of a Salesman 1949. Crucible 1953.

Minimalism. 1960s. US movement of simplified non-expressive art. Kelly. Stella.

Minutemen. American Revolution soldiers pledged to take the field on a minute’s notice.

Mo-tzu. c470-391BC. Chinese philosopher. People should love each other universally. vs Confucianism: parents are more important.

Modigliani, Amadeo. 1884-1920. Italian/French artist. Elongated necks and simplified figures. Head 1911-12. Recining Nude 1919.

Molay, Jacques de. 1243-1314. Last Grand Master of the Order of Templars. Burned.

Molière, Jean-Baptiste. 1622-73. French comedy actor, playwright. School for Wives 1662. Tartuffe 1664. Don Juan 1665. Misanthrope. Died in role of Malade Imaginaire.

Mondrian, Piet. 1872-1944. Dutch neoplastic abstract De Stijl movement painter. Composition with Yellow and Blue 1929. New York City 1943.

Mongolia. 13C Empire. 1686 China (Manchu). Outer Mongolia: 1913 Independent. 1921 Communist revolution. 1924 People’s Republic. Inner Mongolia: «China.

Monmouth, James. 1649-85. Illegitimate son of Charles II. Rye House Plot 1683. Beheaded after rebellion.

Montagnards. 1792-5. French revolutionary extremists led by Robespierre. Terror. Plain.

Monts, Pierre du Ghast. 1568-1630. French explorer with Champlain. Founded Portugal Royal 1605.

Moravian Church. Unitas Fratrum. 1457-. Protestant Hussite sect. 1467 Split from Utraquists. 18C German Pietist revival.

Morley, Thomas. c1557-1603. English madrigal composer. Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Music 1597.

Morpheus. Greek god of dreams about people.

Morris, Gouverneur. 1752-1816. US statesman. Wrote final version of Constitution. Planned coinage.

Moscow School. 14-16C Icon painting. Curving planes, subtle colors.

Moses. c14C BC. Hebrew leader who led his people from Egypt to Palestine. Received the Ten Commandments from God. Founded Israel.

Mozambique. 1489 DaGama discovers. 1498 Portuguese colony. 1975 Independent People’s Republic.

Muawiya. c602-680. Muhammad’s disciple, founded Umayyad dynasty.

Müller, Hermann. 1876-1931. German Weimar leader. Young Plan.

Munich Olympics. 1972. 11 Israelis killed by PLO terrorists.

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