Comoros. 8C Moslem. 1527 Europeans explore. 1886 France. 1975 Independent.

Congo. 1482 Portugal explore. 1880 French settle(N). 1885 Belgium(S). 1910 «French Equatorial Africa. 1960 Independent. 1971 =Zaire. 1997 =Democratic Republic of Congo. Mobutu.

Congress (I) Party. 1978-. Split from Congress Party under Indira Gandhi.

Congress System. 1815-25. Diplomacy by regular meetings of Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia.

Congreve, William. 1670-1729. English playwright of manners. Way of the World 1700.

Conrad, Joseph. 1857-1924. Polish/English novelist emphasizing relations between people and circumstances. Lord Jim 1900. Heart of Darkness 1902.

Constantine I. 274-338. Roman Emperor 306-, established Christianity as official religion. Moved capital to Constantinople. United state and church.

Constantinople. Byzantium. Now Istanbul.

Constantinople, Fall of. 1453. Mehmed II. Name changed.

Constantinople Agreements. 1915. Secret French/British pact to give Dardanelles to Russia after WWI. Bolsheviks repudiated all previous treaties, but publicized secret ones-embarrassing.

Conway Cabal. 1777 plot to replace Washington with Gates at head of Continental Army.

Cook, James. 1728-79. English explorer. Sailed to Tahiti to see transit of Venus, 1768. Charted New Zealand 1769. Claimed Australia 1770.

Copernicus, Nicolaus. 1473-1543. Polish astronomer, who demonstrated planetary motion around sun 1528. De Revolutionibus. Aristarchus. Galileo.

Copland, Aaron. 1900-90. US composer blending Jewish, folk, jazz, and Latin influences into a popular style. Experimented with serial techniques.

Corneille, Pierre. 1606-84. French tragic playwright. La Veuve 1634. Nicomède 1636. Le Cid 1637.

Coronado, Francisco de. 1510-54. Spanish explorer. Grand Canyon, 1540.

Cotte, Robert de. 1656-1735. Architect. Chancel of Notre-Dame, Esplanade, Versailles.

Cotton Famine. 1861-5. English depression due to supply cut-off during American Civil War.

Council of Ten. c1310-1797. Powerful Venetian tribunal. Investigated aristocratic plots vs government.

Cousteau, Jacques. 1910-97. French underwater explorer.

Coward, Noel. 1899-1973. English playwright. Comedies of manners. Private Lives 1930.

Crapper, Thomas. 1836-1910. British plumber. Installed Queen Victoria’s toilets. Manufacturer, but not inventor of syphonic flush toilets.

Crimean War. 1853-6. Russian attempt to get a Mediterranean port stopped by Turkey, England, France, Sardinia. Dispute over Holy places in Palestine.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Cumae. 750BC-1205. Oldest Greek colony in Italy. Near Naples.

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