Alden, John. c1599-1687. Pilgrim father. Married Priscilla Mullens.

Ali Pasha. 1741-1822. Turkish governor of Greece. Byron’s “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage” subject.

Aske, Robert. -1537. Led Pilgrimage of Grace against Henrician Reformation.

Bartlett, John. 1820-1905. US compiler of Familiar Quotations 1855.

Brahe, Tycho. 1546-1601. Danish astronomer. Compiled observations 1572 used by Kepler.

Bunyan, John. 1628-88. English Puritan author: Pilgrim’s Progress 1678.

Byron, Lord. 1788-1824. English Romantic poet. Aided Greek indep. Hours of Idleness, Prisoner of Chillon, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage 1812, Don Juan 1812.

Carver, John. 1576-1621. English pilgrim, First Governor of Plymouth.

Contraceptive Pill. 1952 Available.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Egeria. Roman goddess who advised Numa Pompilius.

El Salvador. Nahua, Pipil, Maya. 1524 Spain 1821 Mexican Empire. 1823 CAF. 1840 Independent. 1980-92 Civil war.

Fatima. Portuguese site of pilgrimage since sighting of Virgin Mary by Santos1917.

French Revolutionary Wars. 1792-1802. France vs European powers who opposed Revolution. Napoleonic Wars. Coalition. Pillnitz.

Gelasius I, St. Pope 492-6. Compiled first Missal. Hard line continued rift with Constantinople.

Grosz, George. 1893-1959. German satirical artist/caricaturist. Pillars of Society.

Halles Market. 1110. Paris site of pillory. Covered 1854-6. Moved 1969.

Hercules, Pillars of. Straits of Gibraltar.

Hospitallers, Knights. 11C-. Order of St. John. First devoted to aid of pilgrims to Holy Land. Prominent in crusades. Bought Rhodes 1309. Expelled by Ottomans, 1522. Given Malta by Charles V, 1530. Expelled by Napoleon, 1798. = Knights of Malta.

Hudaybiyah, Pact of al-. 628. Muhammad and followers allowed into Mecca for pilgrimage. Hijrah.

Ka’bah. Shrine in Great Mosque. Moslem Hijrah pilgrimage objective. Contains Black Stone of Mecca given to Adam to absorb his sins. Kidnaped 930-950.

Kalevala. Finnish national epic poem compiled by Lönnrot, 1835.

Kamikaze. 1281 “Divine Wind”. Typhoon that destroyed Mongol invasion of Japan. 1944- suicide pilots. Okinawa.

Lawrence, Thomas (of Arabia). 1888-1935. English writer, officer. Led Arabs against Turks, 1914-18: Seven Pillars of Wisdom 1926.

Leo VI. 866-912. Byzantine Emperor. Compiled Basilica legal code.

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