Trotsky. Lev Bronstein. 1879-1940. Russian Bolshevik revolutionary, with Lenin anti-Stalin. “Worldwide Permanent Revolution”-socialism in Russia requires revolution everywhere. Favoured International Communism over Stalin’s Russian nationalism. Organized First Soviet 1905. Twice banished to Siberia by Czar. 1918 War Commissar...Red Army. Banished by Stalin 1929. Murdered in exile in Mexico.

Trotskyists. 1965-75. Revolutionary radical-left syndicalist movements propounding Trotsky’s theory of permanent revolution.

Tupac Amaru. c1742-81. Peruvian Indian revolutionary vs Spanish rule 1780-1. Mutilated, drawn, quartered, beheaded.

Turkmanchay, Treaty. 1828. Persia cedes Armenia, ending Russo-Persian War 1826-8.

Turkmenistan. 4CBC Alexander. 7C Arabs. 13C Golden Horde. 15C Persia/Uzbek. 1881 Russia. 1925 Turkemistan SSR. 1991 Independent. CIS. Niyazov.

Tyre. c2000BC Phoenicia. 14C Egypt. 9C Founded Carthage. 8C Assyria. 538 Persia. 332 Alexander...Seleucid. 125 Autonomous. 68BC Rome. 636 Moslem. 1124 Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1291 Mameluks destroy.

Uccello, Paolo. 1397-1475. Florentine Gothic/Renaissance painter. Perspective pioneer. Flood 1447.

Uncle Sam. Personification of US government first appeared in Troy Post based on “Uncle” Sam Wilson who supplied army beef stamped US 1813.

Upper Canada. 1791-1841. 1841 «Province of Canada. 1867 =Ontario.

Upper Volta. Burkina Faso.

Uranus. Early Greek personification of the heavens. Father of Titans.

Utrillo, Maurice. 1883-1955. Montmartre painter. Sacre Coeur 1937. White Period 1908-14.

Vairagin. Hindu ascetic worshippers of Vishnu.

Valens. 328-78. East Roman Emperor 364-. Killed at Adrianople.

Valentine, St. c270. 2 Christians martyred by Claudius II. Modern celebration derives from Roman Lupercalia fertility festival.

Valentinian III. 419-55. Roman Emperor 425-. Lost Africa to Vandals, Gaul to Huns.

Vandals. Germans fleeing Huns, invaded Gaul, Spain 409 and Africa 429-534. Sacked Rome 455. Arians, persecuted other Christians. Routed by Byzantines 533.

Varèse, Edgard. 1883-1965. French composer of dissonant electronic music. Hyperprism 1923.

Verdi, Giusseppe. 1813-1901. Italian Nationalist operatic composer. Otello. Rigoletto 1851. Traviata 1853. Aida 1871.

Vespasian. 9-79. Roman Emperor, 69-. Began Colosseum 72. Fiscal reform, stability.

Villein. Feudal serf bound to land. Performs services for lord in exchange for protection and land use.

Wagner, Richard. 1813-83. German Romantic opera composer/librettist. Leitmotif. Unified drama and music in long and complex operas. Tannhäuser 1845. Lohengrin 1850. Nibelung Ring 1853-76. Tristan and Isolde 1857-9. Parsifal 1882.

Waldenses. 1170-. Austere heretical Christian sect. Founded by Waldo at Lyons. Persecuted in France, Italy, England.

Warbeck, Perkin. 1474-99. Flemish. Posed as Richard, Duke of York, pretender to the English throne. Executed.

Warring States. 481-221BC. Chinese period of many small feuding kingdoms.

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