Lully, J-B. 1632-87. Composer who developed French Opera overture styles. Armide 1686.

Lyceum. c335BC. Athenian school founded by Aristotle, called ’Peripatetics’.

Lydia. -700BC Maeonia. 546BC Persia. 133 Rome. First coins 7C BC.

Macedonia. Greek tribes. 700BC united. 490 Persia. 479 Independent. 359 Philip. 336 Empire. Alexander. 168BC Rome...395 Byzantine Empire 6C Slav. 9C Bulgar. 11C Byzantine. 14C Ottoman. 1878 Independent. 1879 Ottoman. 1913 Greece/ Bulgaria/ Serbia. 1929 Yugoslavia. 1991 Independent.

Mackenzie, William Lyon. 1795-1861. Led failed revolt vs Family Compact in Upper Canada 1837.

Macready, William. 1793-1873. English actor. Rivalry with Forrest caused NY Opera House Riot, 1849.

Magdelanian. ~15-9C BC. Late paleolithic period.

Magi. Persian priest caste. Caspar, Melchior, Belthazar bore gifts to Jesus.

Maimonides, Moses of Cordova. 1135-1204. Jewish philosopher. Mishneh Torah 1168. Guide for the Perplexed 1180.

Majorian. -461. W Roman Emperor 457-. Tax reform. Murdered.

Mandaeanism. Persian Gnostic sect revering John the Baptist. Fertility worship.

Manichaeism. 240-6C. Dualist ascetic Persian religion founded by Mani (-274) combining Gnosticism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity. Man’s spirit is good, body is evil. Albigens, Cathars, Paulician.

Marathon, Battle. 490BC. Athenians defeat Persian invaders.

Marcel, Étienne. 1316-58. French draper who led unsuccessful Paris revolt vs Dauphin Charles V, 1355-8, while John II captured by English. Assassinated.

Marcel, Gabriel. 1889-1973. French Existential philosopher. Experience more important than metaphysics.

Marcion. 144. Founded heretical sect with 2 Gods: imperfect Old Testament God and Jesus’ merciful God.

Marcus Aurelius. 121-180. Roman Emperor 161-. Stoic philosopher. Meditations. Repelled invasions. Persecuted Christians.

Marie Antoinette. 1755-93. Daughter of Emperor Francis I and Maria Theresa, Queen Consort to Louis XVI. Guillotined for seeking US aid vs French Revolution. -“Let them eat cake”.

Married Women’s Property Act. 1882. UK. Abolished women’s property passing automatically to husband on marriage.

Marshall Plan. 1948-52. European Recovery Program. US supplied $12B goods, loans, grants. Rejected by COMECON as ’dollar imperialism’.

Marston Moor, Battle. 1644. English Civil War turning point. Cromwell defeats Rupert.

Marxism. Official dogma of Communism. Dialectical Materialism. “Perfect economic system will not require political state.” Marx. Engels. Value is based on labour. Maoism. Leninism.

Mary I. Bloody Mary. 1516-58. Tudor queen of England 1553-. Married Philip II of Spain. Reinstated Roman Catholicism 1555. Persecuted Protestants. Lost Calais.

Masaccio, Tomaso. 1401-28. Florentine fresco painter. Introduced Humanism-man vs God central theme, proportion, perspective. Baptism of Peasants 1427.

Massenet, Jules. 1842-1912. French opera composer. Manon. Le Cid 1885.

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