Nabataeans. -105. Arab people who taxed Syria/Arabia trade route.

Ndebele. Formerly Matabele. Bantu-speaking people of SW Zimbabwe.

Ostrogoths. Germanic peoples. 3C Ukraine kingdom. 406 kingdom in Italy. 370 conquered by Huns. 493 conquered Italy. 555 dispersed by Justinian. Goths.

People’s Republic. Communist government by a people’s party. Democratic mandate from popular revolution. Often Totalitarian.

Philistines. 12C BC- Peoples of Palestine defeated by Saul and David 10C BC. Samson.

Pied Piper of Hamelin. Legend based on Children’s Crusade. Leads children away when townspeople refuse to pay for ridding town of vermin.

Poland. c2000BC Slavs settle. 9C Tribes unite. 966 =Poland. Mieszko I. 1038 Piast dynasty. 1386 +Lithuania. 1572- Kings elected, weak. 1772,93,95. Partitioned by Russia(E), Austria(SW), Prussia(NW). 1815 Congress Kingdom (Russia). 1918 Independent republic. 1926 Dictatorship. 1939 Germany/Russia occupy. 1941 Germany. 1945 Independent. 1947 Communist. 1952 People’s Republic. 1989 Free elections. Solidarity.

Pont de la Concorde. Paris. Built 1787-91 from stones of Bastille so people could forever trample ruins.

Primitivism. Naive art by primitive peoples, children, or as an adopted style. Rousseau. Grandma Moses.

Reform Bills. England. 1832: Russell redistributes Parliamentary seats, enfranchises renters. 1867: Disraeli enfranchises workers in towns. 1884: Gladstone enfranchises agricultural workers. Representation of People Acts.

Representation of the People Acts. England. 1918 Women over 30 and men over 21 enfranchised. 1928 Women over 21. 1948 Plural voting abolished. 1969 Age of majority reduced to 18. Reform Bills.

Republic. Government vesting power in representatives who govern for the good of the people.

Republican People’s Party. Turkey 1923-50. Founded by Ataturk.

Rivas, Issac de. 1752-1828. Swiss inventor. Combustion engine, 1791. Automobile, 1802, carried 4 people and 1200 pounds of weight.

Romania. Balkans. Dacia. 15C Ottoman. 1859 Moldavia+Walachia. 1878 Independent. 1918 + Bessarabia, Transylvania. 1940 -Bessarabia. 1947 People’s Republic. 1955 Warsaw Pact. 1989 Revolt. Ceausescu overthrown.

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1712-78. Swiss Enlightenment philosopher and writer. Began Romantic Movement. Stimulated French and American Revolutions. On Equality 1753. Social Contract 1762 influenced French Revolution (offended authorities), Confessions 1782. Man is prevented from being free only by society and cold science. Goodness and bounty of nature. Goodness of man. Advocates direct democracy at City-State level and dictatorship above. Sovereignty rests with people. General will aims at best for all.

Runes. 3-16/17C. Alphabet used by German peoples; origin unknown.

Sandburg, Carl. 1878-1967. US poet of the people. Chicago 1914.

Saxons. 5C. Germanic people colonized France, England. 8C Widerkind defeated by Charlemagne on continent.

Scotland. c4000BC Inhabited. c1800BC Beaker people. c300BC Celts (Picts). Caledonia. c500 AD Scots (Celts from Ireland) settle. 832 MacAlpin unifies. 945 + Cumbria + Strathclyde. c1016 + Lothian. 1328 Independence acknowledged by England. 1603 James VI becomes James I of England. 1707 Great Britain. 1801 United Kingdom.

Serbia. 7C Serbs. 890 Bulgar Empire. 1159 Nemanya unites. 1389 Ottoman. 1830 Autonomous Russian protectorate. 1878 Independent. 1882 Kingdom. 1913 +N Macedonia. 1918 Yugoslavia. 1946 People’s Republic of Yuguslavia. 1992 +Montenegro =Yugoslavia. Kosovo.

Slavs. Asian peoples. c2500BC migrated to eastern Europe. 5-6C to Bohemia, Moravia, Hungary, Balkans.

SPQR Senatus Populusque Romanus. = The Senate and People of Rome.

Swahili. Bantu people and language of Central Africa.

SWAPO. Southwest African People’s Organization for Namibian independence. 1960 Founded by Nujoma, Toiva vs South African hegemony. 1971 UN recognition.

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