Abraham. c2000BC. Old Testament father of Jewish, Arab peoples. Sarah. Hagar.Ishmael.

Anthony, St. 1195-1231. Franciscan, protector of common people.

Aramaeans. Ancient Semitic people of Mesopotamia, Syria. Language widespread 10C-5C BC. Alphabet 720 BC.

Benin.1625 Abomey kingdom = Dahomey. 1892 France. 1895 French West Africa. 1959 Autonomous. 1960 Independent =Dahomey. 1975 =People’s Republic of Benin.

Berbers. Caucasian North African peoples, mostly Moslem. Nomadic since 12C Arab invasions. Almohads. Almoravids. Barbary.

Booth, Charles. 1840-1916. English social reformer. 17 volume Life and Labour of the People in London 1891-1903.

Bulgaria. Balkans. 7C Bulgar Empire. 1018 Byzantine. 1185 2nd Bulgar Empire. 1396 Ottoman. 1878. Independent kingdom. 1946 People’s Republic. 1991Republic.

Cadwaller. -689. Last Briton king; led people to Brittany.

Celts. Central European peoples who settled Spain, Gaul, Asia Minor 3000BC, and invaded Great Britain c3C BC. Plundered Rome 390BC. Thrived in Britain. after Romans. Invaded Greece 279-276BC. Forced to Wales by Invasions 5C. = Roman “Gauls”.

China. T’ang(leg). Yü (leg). c1994BC Hsia. c1500 Shang. c1027 Chou. 481 Warring States. 221 Ch’in. 202BC Han. 220 AD Three Kingdoms. 265 Chin. 386 Northern Dyn(N)/420 Southern Dyn(S). 581 Sui rebuild. 618 T’ang. 10C Five dyn/Ten kingdoms. 960 Sung. 1279 Yüan (Mongol). 1368 Ming. 1644 Ch’ing (Manchu). 1912 Republic. 1938-44 Japanese occupation. 1949 People’s Republic.

Chinese Civil War. 184 Yellow Turban Rebellion. 1622- Red Hat Rebellion. 1946-9 Communists rebel vs Kuomintang. People’s Republic established.

Conrad, Joseph. 1857-1924. Polish/English novelist emphasizing relations between people and circumstances. Lord Jim 1900. Heart of Darkness 1902.

Czechoslovakia. 1918 Formed in breakup of Austro-Hungarian Empire. 1920 Little Entente. 1938 -Sudetenland. 1939-45 German occupation. 1949 People’s Democratic Republic. 1968 Prague Spring. 1991 Republic. 1993 Split into Czech Republic and Slovakia.

DeLeon, Daniel. 1852-1914. US Marxist. Founded IWW. Editor The People.

Democracy. Government based on rule by the people.

Etruscans. Asian people in Tuscany 8C BC. Taken by Rome, 4-3C BC. Skilful metal workers. Strong navy, merchant traders. Tarquins.

Festival of Federation. 14 July,1790. Celebration of first anniversary of Storming the Bastille. 300,000 people.

Gauls. Celtic peoples. Settled France by 5C BC.

German Democratic Republic. (GDR). 1949-90. East Germany. People’s Republic in Soviet mould. COMECON. Warsaw Pact. 1990 Germany.

Gettysburg. 1863. Lincoln’s address given to dedicate Civil War cemetery. “Four score and seven years ago...Government of the people, by the people, for the people”.

Goths. Germanic people of S Scandinavia. Invaded Europe, 3-4C. Visigoths and Ostrogoths.

Gurkhas. Nepal peoples. Fierce British fighting group 1947-.

Gypsies. 16C-. Nomadic peoples with Romany language. Probable Indian origin.

Haiti. Arawak. 1492 Columbus discovers. 16-18C Slaves brought. 1697 Spain cedes to France 1804 Independent. 1915-34 US occupies. 1957-86 Duvalier dictators. 1994 US overthrow of military regime. 1972-2002 US returns refugee boat-people.

Hungary. Celts, Ilyrians. Pannonia. 14BC Rome. Germans, Asians. c600 Avars. c800 Franks. 892-1301 Arpad-Magyars. 1001 Christian monarch. 1241 Mongols invade. 1526 Turks invade. 1664 Ottoman 1699 Hapsburg. 1848-9 Republic. 1866 Dual Monarchy. 1918 Republic. 1949 People’s Republic. 1990 Democratic.

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