Berlin. Capital of: 1701 Prussia. 1871 Germany. 1949 German Democratic Republic. 1990 Germany.

Berlin Congress. 1878. Bulgaria divided, independence for Romania, Serbia. Turkey gains Macedonia. Russia gains Armenia. Britain gains Cyprus. Revised San Stefano treaty.

Berlioz, Hector. 1803-1869. French Romantic composer. Grandiose themes directly from feelings.Symph. Fantastique 1830. Romeo and Juliette 1839. Treatise on Orchestration 1844. Damnation of Faust 1846.

Bernanos, Georges. 1888-1948. French Catholic polemic writer against materialism. Diary of a Country Priest 1937.

Bernstein, Eduard. 1850-1932. German anti-militant Socialist. Founded Fabians.

Berry, Jean, duc de. 1340-1416. Regent of France for Charles VI. Policies caused Peasants Revolt 1381-4. Patron of arts. Limburg.

Bessarabia. Disputed Black Sea region between Romania and Russia. 14C Moldavia. 15/16C Ottoman. 1812 Russia. 1918 Romania. 1940 MSSR. 1941 Romania. 1944 USSR. 1991 Moldova.

Bessel, F.W. 1784-1846. German astronomer. B Function 1817.

Bethmann-Hollweg. 1856-1921. German Chancellor, 1909-17. Tried to mediate before WWI. Overthrown by Hindenburg and Ludendorf.

Bevin, Ernest. 1881-1951. British labour leader, statesman. TUC. Initiated Colombo Plan.

Bible. Hebrew and Christian sacred scriptures translated from Hebrew and Aramaic. 3C BC Greek translation. 1382 Wycliffe, Rogers, English. 1522-34 Luther, German. 1611 King James version. Vulgate by St. Jerome. Apocrypha.

Biedermeier. 1815-35. German bourgeois kitsch style of sentimental art and utilitarian furniture. Circular pedestal table.

Bismarck, Otto von. 1815-98. Prince. Prussian Prime Minister 1862-90. Founded German Empire; First Chancellor 1871-90. Provoked Franco-Prussian War. Ems Dispatch. Schleswig.

Bjorko Treaty. 1905. Unimplemented military alliance between German Wilhelm II and Russian Nicholas II.

Black War. 1804-30. Tasmanian natives defeated by European settlers.

Blitzkrieg. 1938-45. German battle tactic. Rapid, deep assault with tanks supported from air.

Boadicea. -60. British Iceni Queen. Led rebellion vs Romans over taxes, 60.

Bocskay, István. 1557-1606. Hungarian rebel vs HRE Catholicism. Gained Transylvania from Rudolf II. Vienna Peace, 1606.

Bode, Johann. 1747-1826. German astronomer: Laws of planetary distances, 1766.

Boethius. 475-524. Roman translator of Aristotle. Neoplatonic. Stoic. Consolation of Philosophy 523 (while imprisoned).

Bohemia. Celts. 5-6C Slavs. 9C Unified. 1061 HRE. 10C + Moravia + Silesia + Galicia. 1158 Kingdom. 1526 Hapsburg. 1918 Czechoslovakia. 1939-45 German. 1993 Czech Republic.

Böhme, Jakob. 1575-1624. German mystic. Explained world in terms of opposing elements. Aurora 1612.

Bollandists. 1629-. Belgian Jesuits. Update Acta Santorium, (Lives of Roman Catholic saints).

Bolt, Robert. 1924-95. English dramatist. A Man for all Seasons 1960.

Boltzmann, Ludwig. 1844-1906. Austrian physicist. Statistical Mechanics, 1870.

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