Avernus. Crater lake, believed by Romans to be Hell’s entrance.

Avila Camacho, Manuel. 1897-1955. Mexican President 1940-46. Befriended US, rallied Latin America vs Axis.

Awami League. 1954-71. For Bangladesh independence. Rahman.

Axis Pact. 1936-45. German-Italian Agreement, 1936. Cooperative alliance maintained through WWII. Allied with Spain, 1939; Japan, 1936. Yugoslavia 1941. Tripartite Pact.

Azaña, Manuel. 1880-1940. Spanish Republican Prime Minister 31-33, President 36-9.

Baader-Meinhof Gang. (Red Army Faction). 1968-92. West German terrorists supported by Stasi.

Bacchus. Roman god of Wine. = Dionysus.

Bach, Johann Sebastian. 1685-1750. German composer of fugues and chorales. Peak of polyphonic music. Brandenburg Concerto 1721. Well Tempered Clavier. Art of Fugue 1749.

Baden. 1112 Margravate. 1771 Grand Duchy. 1848 Republic. 1871 German Empire. 1918 Republic. 1934 Germany.

Baedeker, Karl. 1801-59. German guidebook publisher 1846-.

Baer, Karl. 1792-1876. Estonian/German naturalist: founded science of embryology. Discovered ovum 1827.

Baha’ism. 1863-. Founded by Baha (1817-92), disciple of Bab. Religion advocating world peace, through unification of mankind.

Balkan Entente. 1934-9. Greece, Turkey, Romania, Yugoslavia mutual defence pact.

Balkan Wars. 1912-13. Balkan League defeats Ottoman Empire. Turkish territory distributed. General dissatisfaction termed the “powder keg of Europe”.

Balkans. Inhabited c6000BC. 6C BC Illyria. 148BC Rome(Illyricum)(N). 285 Byzantine(E). 4-7C Goths, Avars, Huns, Ostrogoths, Lombards, Slavs, Bulgars, Serbs invade. 890 Bulgar Empire. 1159 Serbian empire. 1389 Ottoman. 1699 Austria(E,N)/Venice(S,W). 19C Eastern Question. Albania. Bosnia-Herzegovina. Bulgaria. Croatia. Greece. Macedonia. Montenegro. Romania. Serbia. Slovenia. Yugoslavia.

Baltic Entente. 1923-39. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania agreement for mutual defence vs Germany and Russia.

Bandaranaike, Sirimavo. 1916-2000. Ceylon Prime Minister 1960~77. World’s first woman Prime Minister.

Bandeira, Manuel. 1886-1968. Brazilian national poet. Carnival 1919.

Barbarians. Greek = foreigners. Roman term for Goths, Huns and Vandals who conquered Western Empire 3-6C.

Barbarossa, Operation. 1941. German invasion of USSR.

Barbès, Armand. 1809-70. French Republican.

Barnard, Christian. 1922-2001. South African surgeon-first human heart transplant 1967.

Barrackpore Mutiny. 1824. Indian troops vs British commanders. Troops massacred.

Barrier Treaties. 1709-15. Britain, HRE aid United Provinces vs Spain, France. Spanish Succession.

Baruch, Bernard. 1870-1965. US financier/elder statesman; adviser to US presidents, Churchill.

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