Rembrandt van Rijn. 1606-69. Dutch painter of bold realism. Chiaroscuro. Engraver. Antomy Lesson 1632. Night Watch 1642.

Republican Party. 1792 Jefferson’s agrarian party. 1820 Whigs. 1854. Anti-slavery party. Lincoln. = Grand Old Party. vs Democratic Party.

Reynolds, Joshua. 1723-92. English expressive portrait painter: Mrs. Siddons. Miss Nelly 1760. Founder, Royal Academy 1768.

Rimini Golden Bull. 1226. Frederick II grants sovereignty of Prussia to Teutonic knights.

Roland. -778. Count of Brittany. Officer of Charlemagne, immortalized in song by Turold, c1100.

Romania. Balkans. Dacia. 15C Ottoman. 1859 Moldavia+Walachia. 1878 Independent. 1918 + Bessarabia, Transylvania. 1940 -Bessarabia. 1947 People’s Republic. 1955 Warsaw Pact. 1989 Revolt. Ceausescu overthrown.

Roualt, Georges. 1871-1958. French Expressionist painter. Bold, vivid, flat colors like stained glass. The Old King 1937.

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1712-78. Swiss Enlightenment philosopher and writer. Began Romantic Movement. Stimulated French and American Revolutions. On Equality 1753. Social Contract 1762 influenced French Revolution (offended authorities), Confessions 1782. Man is prevented from being free only by society and cold science. Goodness and bounty of nature. Goodness of man. Advocates direct democracy at City-State level and dictatorship above. Sovereignty rests with people. General will aims at best for all.

Royal Scots Guards. 1633. Oldest regular regiment in British Army.

Royaume, Mother. Saved Geneva 1602 by pouring hot stew (and pot) on heads of Savoy soldiers.

Russia. 9C Slavs, Rus invade. 862-1598 Rurik dynasty. 1240 Mongol Empire of Golden Horde. 1462 Ivan the Great. 16C Unified. 1613 Romanov dynasty. 1917 Communist. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1991 Russian Federation. CIS.

Samson. Old Testament Israelite judge, prophet. Lost sight and strength when Delilah cut off his hair.

Samudra Gupta. -c380. Hindu Indian Emperor. c330-. Expanded empire. Poet, musician, soldier.

San Marino. 301 St Marinus the Dalmation settles. 1463 expanded. 1600 Constitution. Oldest, smallest independent republic.

Santo Domingo. Dominican Republic. 1496- Oldest continuous European settlement in western Hemisphere.

Sarah. Old Testament figure. Abraham’s wife. Isaac’s mother.

Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. German dynasty includes Belgian Leopold I 1831-; Albert, Prince-Consort, England. 1840-; Ferdinand, Prince-Consort, Portugal. 1836-; Prince of Bulgaria 1887-1946.

Schoenberg, Arnold. 1874-1951. Austrian/US pioneer of atonal twelve-note method-key to recent musical advances. Five Piano Pieces 1923.

Sempach Battle. 1386. Swiss confederates defeat Austrian Duke Leopold, ensuring independence.

Senghor, Leopold. 1906-2001. Poet, First president of Senegal 1960-80.

Septuagint. 3-2C BC. Oldest Greek translation of Old Testament.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act. 1890-3. US increases silver purchases. Fears of gold standard abandonment started 1893 Panic.

Siberia. 13C Mongol(S)...Golden Horde(W)/ Yüan(E). 1483 Russia explores. 1581 Khanate overthrown. 1689 Russo-Chinese border settled. 1891-1905 Trans-Siberian Railway.

Sigismund I. The Old. 1467-1548. King of Poland 1506-. Acquired Prussia 1525.

Six Day War. 1967. Israel wins Sinai, Golan Heights, Gaza, Old Jerusalem, West Bank. Opened Gulf of Aqaba.

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