Ingoldsby, Thomas. 1788-1845. English humourist. Jackdaw of Rheims.

Invalides. 1670-7. Louis XIV built to house 4,000 invalid soldiers. Architect: Bruant, dome by Mansart. Tomb of Napoleon.

Isaac. Old Testament Patriarch. Abraham’s son from whom all Jews descend. Spared from sacrifice.

Jabir Ibn Hayyan. c721-815. Arab alchemist. Mercury+sulphur=gold. 2,000 works.

Jacob. Old Testament. 3rd patriarch of 12 tribes of Israel. Grandson of Abraham. Son of Isaac. God changed name to Israel.

Jacobites. 1688-1753. Supporters of exiled James II and Stuart line after Glorious Revolution. 1715 “Old Pretender” James fails to claim British throne. 1745-6. Bonnie Prince Charlie unable to reclaim throne of England/Scotland. Stuart supporters aided rebels in Scotland and Ireland. Culloden Moor.

James, Henry. 1843-1916. US psychological novelist. American 1877. Washington Square 1881. Turn of the Screw 1898. Compared innocence of New World with corruption of Old.-“It takes a great deal of history to produce a little literature”.

Jason. Led Argonauts in quest for Golden Fleece.

Jeremiah. c650-570BC. Old Testament Hebrew prophet.

Job. 6C BC. Suffering, faithful Old Testament servant of God.

Josephus, Flavius. 37-100. Jewish soldier/historian. History of the Jewish Wars 75-9.

Joshua. Old Testament hero. Led conquest of Canaan. Destroyed Jericho.

Kazakstan. 8C Turkik settlers. 13C Golden Horde. 1798 Russia. 1910-85 Russification. 1925 Kazak SSR. 1991 Independent. CIS.

Klondike. 1896-9. Yukon gold rush.

Knights of the Golden Circle. 1859-66. Secret US organization of South supporters during Civil War.

Kulikovo, Battle. 1380. Russia defeats Golden Horde, ending Tatar rule.

Lame Duck. Non-reelected office holder in office awaiting successor.

Lao-tzu. =Old Philosopher. 604-531BC. Legendary Chinese philosopher. Founded Taoism. The Way of Life.

Lares. Roman gods of households and fields.

Lateran Councils. Roman Catholic church councils. 1123,39 vs Schism of Arnold of Brescia. 1179 Crusade vs Albigens. 1215 Crusade. 1512-17 Reform.

Legal Tender Act. 1862. US authorizes paper money without gold backing.

Leopold and Loeb. 1924. Wealthy, intellectual partners ‘perfect’ murder of Bobby Franks leads to life imprisonment. Darrow plea avoids execution.

Leopold I. 1790-1865. First King of Belgians 1831-. Maintained neutrality.

Leopold II. 1747-92. Holy Roman Emperor 1790-. “Enlightened despot”. Liberal reforms. Declaration of Pillnitz for absolutism.

Leopold II. 1835-1909. King of Belgians 1865-. Ruled Congo ruthlessly.

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