Sherrington, Charles. 1857-1952. British experimental physiologist.

Shogun. Japanese military leaders. 794 Otomaro. 1192-1867 Ruled Japan.

Sicily. c1100BC Sicans. Sicels. Mycenaean. 7C BC Phoenicia(W)/ Gr(E). 241BC Rome. 5C Ostrogoth. 6C Byzantine. 827 Saracen. 1072 Norman. 1130 +Naples. 1197 Hohenstaufen. 1266-82 France. 1302 Aragon. 1443 +Naples=Two Sicilies. 1860 Italy.

Sienkiewicz, Henryk. 1846-1916. Polish novelist: Slowo Trilogy 1883-88. Quo Vadis 1896.

Sighs, Bridge of. c1600. Venice. Connects Doge Palace court to prison.

Sikh States, Confederation of. 1764 Independent from Mogul. 1819 + Kashmir. 1834 + Peshawar. 1849 British. 1948 India.

Skinner, B. F. 1904-90. US Behaviourist psychologist.

Slave Coast. 17-18C. Parts of Nigeria, Togo, Dahomey.

Smog Disasters. London. 1952: 4000 dead. 1962: 750 dead.

Sobrero, Ascanio. 1812-88. Italian. Nitroglycerine 1846.

Socrates. c470-399BC. Greek philosopher. Knowledge is the key to influencing destiny. Ignorance leaves one subject to fate. Socratic method of teaching by dialog. Dialectic. Condemned for impiety and corrupting the young - drank hemlock. “Know thyself”.

Sophists. 5-4C BC. Wandering Greek philosophers who taught rhetoric and logic for a fee. Protagoras.

Soranus. 1-2C. Greek gynecologist. Described contraception. Dominated medicine 1500 years.

Sorel, Agnès. 1422-50. First “officially recognized” mistress of French king.

Soul. Immaterial essence of man. Recognized by most cultures, but in varying forms.

St Petersburg. 1703 Founded by Peter I. 1914 =Petrograd. 1924 =Leningrad. 1991 =St Petersburg again.

Stalingrad. Tsaritsyn. 1925 =Stalingrad. 1961 =Volgograd.

Stein, Gertrude. 1874-1946. US avante-garde writer. Autobiography of Alice B Toklas 1933. Coined “Lost Generation”.

Stendhal. 1783-1842. French historical novelist of psychological insight. le Rouge et le Noir 1830.

Stimson Doctrine. 1932. US not to recognize territories seized by agression.

Strabe. 63BC-21. Greek historian, geographer. Cumulated knowledge in Geographica.

Strauss, David. 1808-74. German theologian: Gospel interpreted as myth. Life of Jesus 1835-6.

Stroganov. Wealthy Russian merchant family 16-17C. Helped colonise Siberia 1574. Aided czars.

Suárez, Francisco. 1548-1617. Spanish Scholastic philosopher, Jesuit theologian. Wrote against divine right of kings.

Suetonius. c69-122. Roman biographer. Lives of the Caesars.

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