Lisbon, Treaty. 1668. Spain recognizes Portuguese sovereignty.

Locke, John. 1632-1704. English philosopher. Empiricism-all knowledge is derived from experience: On Civil Government 1689. Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690. ‘Sound mind in a sound body’. Evil brings pain, Good brings pleasure. Advocated separation of legislature from executive, as applied in Britain and US. Natural rights (property, pursuit of happiness, religion) influenced US Constitution, led to Enlightenment. Philosophical basis of French and American Revolutions. Epistemological foundations of modern Science.

LogicalPositivism. 1920s. Philosophy. Only experimentally verifiable scientific truth counts. Vienna Circle. Wittgenstein.

Logos. Greek force of cosmic order and reason. Link between God and man. Philo.

Lombardo, Pietro. 1435-1515. Antonio 1458-1516. Tullio 1455-1532. Italian architects and sculptors. Dante’s tomb 1485. Doge’s Palace 1498.

Lombardy. 5C BC Celt. c200BC Rome. 5C Ostrogoth. 568 Lombards. 774 Charlemagne. 9C Independent towns. 962 HRE. 12C L League. 1337 Milan. 1535 Spain 1713 Austria. 1796 French republic. 1814 Austria. 1859 Italy.

Long, Huey. 1893-1935. US demagogic Louisiana governor. 1928-31, US Senator 1931-5. Share the Wealth. Shot.

Lorenz, Konrad. 1903-89. Austrian zoologist. Father of ethology. Man Meets Dog 1954.

Lucian. c120-80. Greek satirist. Dialogues of the Dead.

Lumière, Louis. 1864-1948. Auguste 1862-1954. French chemists, invented cinematography 1895.

Luna 3. 1959. First photographs of moon’s far side.

Lyell, Charles. 1797-1875. British geologist. Principles of Geology 1833. Coined terms for eras: Pliocene, Miocene, Eocene. Uniformitarianism.

Lysenko, Trofim. 1898-1976. Russian biologist. Forced outdated Lamarck genetics on Agriculture Academy holding back Russian progress.

Mach, Ernest. 1838-1916. Founded Scientific Positivism 1905. Relates physics and psychology. Vienna Circle.

Madog. Welsh king, legendary discoverer of America 1170.

Maistre, Joseph de. 1753-1821. French moralist for Christianity, Absolutism vs progress. Spanish Inquisition 1837.

Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1884-1942. Polish. Founded social anthropology.

Manson, Patrick. 1844-1922. Scottish parasitologist. Associated malaria with mosquito, 1894.

Maoism. Revolutionary Communist ideology of Mao Tse-tung.

Marshall Plan. 1948-52. European Recovery Program. US supplied $12B goods, loans, grants. Rejected by COMECON as ’dollar imperialism’.

Martel, Édouard. 1859-1938. Creator of speleology.

Marxism. Official dogma of Communism. Dialectical Materialism. “Perfect economic system will not require political state.” Marx. Engels. Value is based on labour. Maoism. Leninism.

Maurice, Friedrich. 1805-72. English theologian. Christian Socialist founder.

Maury, Matthew. 1806-73. US oceanographer. Physical Geography of the Sea 1855.

McCarthy, Joseph. 1909-57. US senator, fanatical anti-Communist demagogue.

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