Appleton, Edward. 1892-1965. English physicist: Appleton ionospheric layer.

Arafat, Yasir. 1929-2004. Arab Fatah PLO leader. President of Palestinian Authority 1996-.

Arc de Triomphe. Paris monument. Commissioned 1806 by Napoleon. Completed 1836.

Arnulf. c850-99. Last Carolingian Holy Roman Emperor. Defeated Normans. Captured Rome.

Arrhenius, Svante. 1859-1927. Swedish physicist, discoverer of ions.

Arriaga, Manuel. 1842-1917. First President of Portugal.

Articles of Confederation. 1781-9. First US Constitution.

Aston, Francis. 1877-1945. English physicist. Mass spectrograph.

Austin, Herbert. 1886-1941. English car manufacturer. Small car pioneer.

Avernus. Crater lake, believed by Romans to be Hell’s entrance.

Avila Camacho, Manuel. 1897-1955. Mexican President 1940-46. Befriended US, rallied Latin America vs Axis.

Avogadro, Amadeo. 1776-1856. PV=nRT. Number of molecules in a given quantity of gas 1811.

Azaña, Manuel. 1880-1940. Spanish Republican Prime Minister 31-33, President 36-9.

Babism. 1844-50. Shi’ite mystical ascetic sect. Numerology. Number 19. Baha’ism.

Bacon, Francis. 1561-1626. English chancellor and philosopher. First king’s counsel. Favoured inductive over deductive reasoning. Separated Science from religion. New Atlantis 1625. B. Scientific method: Novum Organum 1620. Essays 1625.

Bandeira, Manuel. 1886-1968. Brazilian national poet. Carnival 1919.

Bannister, Roger. 1929-. English. Ran first 4 minute mile at Oxford, 1954.

Banting, Frederick. 1891-1941. Canadian physician: discovered insulin with Best, MacLeod, 1921.

Bardeen, John. 1908-91. US developer of transistor 1948 with Shockley. . BCS superconductivity 1957.

Barnum, P.T. 1810-91. US circus impressario.

Bartolomeo, Fra. 1472-1517. Florentine master painter. High Renaissance Classical idealist. Lucca. Annunciation 1497.

Barton, Clara. 1821-1912. US Civil War nurse. Founded US Red Cross 1881.

Beadle, George. 1903-89. US geneticist. Role of genes in heredity.

Beckett, Samuel. 1906-89. English/Irish novelist, dramatist expressing man’s suffering: Waiting for Godot 1952. Endgame.

Becquerel, Henri. 1852-1908. French discoverer of Uranium radioactivity, 1896. Curie.

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