Straisund, Treaty. 1370. Denmark makes commercial concessions to Hanseatic League.

Sunderland, Earl of. 1674-1722. British Whig minister. South Sea National Debt scheme.

Symplegades. Cyanean Rocks. Cliffs at entrance to Black Sea. Crushed ships until Jason and Argonauts slipped through.

Synge, John. 1871-1909. Irish poet, dramatist. Riders to the Sea 1904. Playboy of the Western World 1907.

Taiwan. Indonesians. 1590 Portugal discovers = Formosa. 17C Dutch/Spanish settle. 1662 Chinese settle, expel Europeans. 1895 Japan. 1945 China. 1949 Independent as Republic of China. 1971 United Nations gives Taiwan’s seat to People’s Republic of China.

Tallin. 1219 Danish fortress in Estonia. 1285 Hanseatic League. 1346 Teutonic Knights. 1561 Sweden. 1710 Russia. 1918 Estonia.

Thomas, James. 1700-48. British poet. Seasons. Rule Britannia.

Valdemar IV. Atterdag. 1320-75. Danish king 1340-. Re-united Denmark. Opposed Hanseatic League. Sold Estonia to Teutonic Knights.

Vaughan Williams, Ralph. 1872-1958. English Nationalist composer of symphonies, ballads, songs. Combined folk idiom with 16C polyphony. Sea 1910. Pastoral Symphony 1922.

Verne, Jules. 1828-1905. French Science Fiction fantasy writer. Voyage to the Centre of the Earth 864. 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea 1870. Round the World in 80 Days 1873.

Vichy. Seat of Pétain’s pro-German government, 1940-44 in unoccupied southern France. Source of waters famous since Roman times.

Virchow, Rudolf. 1821-1902. German pathologist, anthropologist. Applied microscope to medical research. Cellular pathology 1858.

Vivaldi, Antonio. 1678-1741. Venetian violinist, Baroque composer. Standard concerto pattern; more than 500 concertos. Four Seasons 1725.

V-1, V-2. 1944. WWII German missiles vs Britain, Belgium. V=Vergeltung(Revenge). 8,000 V-1s. 1300 V-2s. Basis for future space research.

Armagnac. Former county of southwest France, now Gascogne. 960 Independent. 1360 English. 1607 France.

Artigas, José. 1764-1850. Uruguay revolutionary leader. “Father of Uruguayan independence”.

Auer, Carl. 1858-1929. Austrian chemist. Incandescent gas lamp 1898.

Avogadro, Amadeo. 1776-1856. PV=nRT. Number of molecules in a given quantity of gas 1811.

Bellerophon. Pegasus’ rider, destroyed the Chimera.

Boyle, Robert. 1627-91. English scientist. Gas law: given T, PV=k, 1662.

Charles, Jacques. French physicist, launched early hydrogen balloon 1783 with Robert. Gas Law V=kT 1798.

Coligny, Gaspard de. 1519-72. Huguenot leader 1562-. Influence on king caused Bartholomew’s Day Massacre.

Daimler, Gottlieb. 1834-1900. German. Gasoline engine, 1885. Automobile, 1886. Benz. Maybach.

Degas, Edgar. 1834-1917. French Impressionist painter of dancers and cafe life. Rehearsal. Tub.

DeGasperi, Alcide. 1881-1954. Italian Prime Minister 1945-53. Post-war reconstruction.

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