Lutheranism. Conservative Protestant sect of Germany and Scandinavia. Salvation through faith alone.

Luxembourg. 1C BC Rome. 459 Franks. 963 Independent county «Holy Roman Empire. 1354 Duchy. 1443 Burgundy. 1472~1795 Hapsburg. 1555 Spanish. 1684 French. 1697 Spanish. 1714 Austrian. 1795 French. 1815 Dutch «German Confederation. 1839 Belgian(W)/Autonomous. 1867 Independent neutral. 1914-18, 1940-44 German occupation. 1948 Neutrality ends.

Luxemburg, Rosa. 1871-1919. German revolutionary theoritician, agitator. Founded Spartacus Party.

Magdeburg. 1631. German republic destroyed by Tilly in Thirty Years War.

Maginot. André. 1877-1932. French statesman. Built line of fortifications in the east of France 1928-38, leaving French overconfident vs German threat.

Mandate, League of Nations. Territory controlled by outside power. E.g. ex-German colonies, non-Turkish ex-Ottoman lands. 1946- UN Trusteeship.

Mann, Thomas. 1875-1955. German/US novelist. Opposed Nazism. Buddenbrooks 1900. Magic Mountain 1927. Death in Venice 1929. Dr Faustus.

Maquis. French guerillas vs German occupation, WWII. Resistance.

March Revolution. 1848 Germany. Led to Louis I abdication in favour of Maximilian II in Bavaria, Metternich resignation.

Marcuse, Herbert. 1898-1979. German/US radical philosopher. Revolutionary change vs repressive society. One Dimensional Man 1964.

Marggraf, Andreas. 1709-82. German. Sugar in beets, 1747.

Marne, Battle. 1914. Paris defence vs Germans. Joffre. 1918 Allied victory is turning point in WWI. Foch.

Marshal. Highest military rank in Britain, France, Germany, Russia, China.

Marx, Karl. 1818-83. German socialist philosopher: Communist Manifesto 1848. Das Kapital 1867. Dialectical Materialism. Marxism.

Mata Hari. 1876-1917. Dutch dancer, courtesan. German spy WWI. Executed by French.

Matsuoka, Yosuke. 1880-1946. Japanese foreign minister 1940. Tripartite Pact with Germany, Italy.

Maximilian I. 1756-1825. Bavarian king 1806-. Allied with Napoleon. Consolidated Bavaria. Opposed German unification.

Mazurian Lakes, Battles. 1914,15. 325,000 Russian casualties by Germany.

Melanchthon, Philip. 1497-1560. German Lutheran theologian educationist. Dogmatic Protestant 1521, introduced term. Augsburg Confession 1530. Ethics 1538.

Memel. (Klaipeda). 1253 founded. 1410 German. 1919 Lithuania. 1939 Germany. 1945 USSR. 1991 Lithuania.

Mendelssohn, Moses. 1729-86. German Jewish reform philosopher. Nathan the Wise 1779.

Mendelssohn-(Bartholdy), Felix. 1809-47. German Classical Romantic melodic composer. Hebrides 1829.

Merchants of the Steelyards. -1598. German traders in London.

Merovingians. 476-751. Frankish dynasty. Childeric founded; Clovis expanded empire to modern France, Germany, Belgium, N Italy. Austrasia, Neustria; 534+Burgundy. Clotaire. Carolingians.

Mersen, Treaty. 870. Divided Lotharingia. Charles II and Louis the German establish French/German frontier.

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