Tertullian. c160-220. Carthaginian theologian. Influenced Christianity. Became Montanist. Founded Tertullianism.

Theodore of Mopsuestia. 350-428. Greek bishop. Scientific bible study influenced Nestorius.

Thirty Years War. 1618-48. Protestant revolt vs Holy Roman Empire involving most European states. Peace of Westphalia. Spain, HRE lose influence; Denmark finished as power; France dominant; Sweden controls Baltic. Religious toleration. Use of muskets, canons developed.

Thomson, Tom. 1877-1917. Canadian landscape painter. Influenced Group of Seven.

Tudor Architecture. c16C. English late Gothic style. Timber frame construction. Renaissance influenced decoration. Elizabethan.

Tulsidas. c1543-1623. Indian religious poet. Ramcaritmanas 1574-6. Influenced Hindu culture.

Walton, William. 1902-83. British composer influenced by Jazz, Elgar, Stravinsky.

Weill, Kurt. 1900-50. German surrealist satirical opera composer. Socio-political operas of great influence on future composers. ThreePenny Opera 1928 with Brecht. Happy End 1929.

Wertheimer, Max. 1880-1943. German/US. Studies of perception influenced Gestalt psychology. Köhler.

Whistler, James. 1834-1903. US painter. Use of light and color influenced abstract art. Arrangement in Black and Grey, No 1 (Whistler’s Mother) 1871.

Wolsey, Thomas. c1475-1530. English cardinal. Lord Chancellor to Henry VIII. Lost influence when unable to secure divorce from Catherine of Aragon. Built Hampton Court Palace as gift for Henry VIII. Unpopularity a cause of Reformation.

Wren, Christopher. 1632-1723. English architect. Anglicized Classicism based on French and Dutch influence. Rebuilt 50 churches after 1666 London fire. St. Paul’s 1675. Greenwich Observatory 1675. Associated with craftsmanship of Tijou, Gibbons, Thornhill, Cibber. Sheldonian Theatre 1662. Trinity College Library 1676.

Zemstvo. 1864-1917. Russian provincial assemblies instituted by Alexander II. Liberal influence.

Zuccarelli, Francesco. 1702-88. Italian landscape artist. Influenced English. Florentine Royal Academy 1768.