Western Samoa. Samoa. 1899 German. 1920 New Zealand League of Nations mandate. 1962 Independent.

Westminster Abbey. 7C Benedictine monastery. 1050-65 New Building, additions by Edward the Confessor; 1245 by Henry III. West towers 1745. Used for all British coronations since William I.

Willkie, Wendell. 1892-1944. New Deal critic. US Presidential candidate 1940. One World 1943.

WorldTradeCenter, 1972-2001. New York. Attacked 1993, destroyed September 11, 2001 by al-Qaeda terrorists. Osama bin Laden.

Yüan Shih-kai. 1859-1916. First president of Chinese Republic 1912-. Attempts to establish a new dynasty failed. Warlords.

Abbeville Treaty. 1258. England returns Normandy to France.

Abd el-Krim. 1882-1963. Fought France and Spain in Morocco. Founded Republic of Rif 1921-26.

Abortion. Legalized 1968 Britain, 1969 Canada, 1973 USA, 1975 France. Roe v Wade.

Aix-la-Chapelle, Congress. 1818. Restored King of France. Congress System.

Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty. 1668. Ended War of Devolution between France, Spain. 1748. Ended War of Austrian Succession. Hapsburgs weakened, Prussian power recognized.

Algeria. c2000BC Berber. 12C BC Phoenicia...9C BC Carthage. 146 BC Rome. 429 Vandal. 6C Byzantine. 7C Moslem. c1500 Spain. 1518 Ottoman. 1671 Independent. 1830 France. 1962 Independent.

Algerian Revolutionary War. 1954-62. Plebiscite granted independence from France, 1962.

Algerian War. 1831-46. France conquers Algeria.

Allobroges. Celts who inhabited SE France; conq by Rome 121BC.

Alsace-Lorraine. Iron rich region along Rhine. 1C BC Rome. 5C Alemanni. 496 Franks. 870 German. 1648(A)/1766(L) French 1871 Prussia. 1919 France 1940 Germany. 1945 France.

American Civil War. 1861-5. Abolitionist North defeats slave-owning South. Britain and France support South, Russia supports North. Union. Confederacy.

Amiens, Treaty. 1527. Henry VIII, Francis I ally vs Charles V. 1802. England, France, Spain, Holland end French Revolutionary Wars. Britain cedes captured territory, gains Ceylon, Trinidad.

Amin, Idi. c1926-. Uganda dictator 1971-9. Exile to France.

Angevin Dynasty. Descendants of French House of Anjou. France -1480. Plantagenet Kings of England 1154-1485. Charles I of Anjou.

Anglo-American War. 1812-14. US, angry at British blockade of France, and Tippecanoe interference, invades Canada. Toronto and White House burned. US defeated. Ghent Treaty.

Angoulême, Louis duc d’. 1775-1844. Last Dauphin of France 1824-30.

Anjou. Region, former province of western France. Under English 1151-1204, 1360. 1480 France. Angevin.

Anne of Bretagne. 1477-1514. Wife of Charles VIII, 1491, then of Louis XII, 1499. Began union of Brittany with France.

Anthony of Padua, St. 1195-1231. Franciscan teacher in S. France, Italy.

Anvil, Operation. 1944. Allied invasion of south France.

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