Vatican Councils. 1870 Papal Infallibility. 1962 Modified liturgy. Ecumenicalism.

Vauban, Sébastien de. 1633-1707. French military engineer. Invented trenches 1673, socket bayonet 1688.

Vaucreuil, Cavagnal, Marquis de. 1698-1765. Governor of New France. Surrendered to Britain 1760. Seven Years War.

Vaughan Williams, Ralph. 1872-1958. English Nationalist composer of symphonies, ballads, songs. Combined folk idiom with 16C polyphony. Sea 1910. Pastoral Symphony 1922.

Vauquelin. Chromium 1797. Beryllium 1798.

VE Day. May 7, 1945. Folowed German surrender signed May 7 in Reims.

Veblen, Thorstein. 1857-1929. US sociologist. Theory of the Leisure Class 1899-“conspicuous consumption”.

Veche. 10C-1510. Russian democratic city council abolished by Mongols.

Vedanta. Philosophy of Hinduism from 6C BC Upanishads. Developed by Sankara 7C and Ramanuja 11C.

Vedas. 15C BC. Sacred texts of Hinduism. Upanishads.

Vega Carpio, Lope Felix de. 1562-1635. “Father” of Spanish drama. 1800 plays. Italian form to Spanish poetry.

Vehmgericht. 14-15C. German tribunals.

Velasco Agreement. 1835. Santa Anna grants Texas independence.

Velázquez, Diego. 1599-1660. Spanish Naturalist court painter. Old Woman Frying Eggs 1618. Coronation of the Virgin 1641. Philip IV 1644. Surrender of Breda. Borrachos. Venus and Mirror 1655.

Velikovsky, Immanuel. 1895-1979. Russian/US writer of controversial scientific theories. Worlds in Collision 1950.

Velleda. German druidess, prophet under Vespasian.

Vellore Mutiny. 1806. Indians resenting removal of caste markings kill 130 British soldiers.

Vendée, Wars. French Royalist uprisings of 1793,4,9, 1815,32.

Vendôme Column. Paris. 1805. Has had statues of Napoleon as Caesar, Henry IV, a Fleur-de-lys, Napoleon in uniform, and now a copy of the original.

Venetia. Venetii. 2C BC Rome. 5C Huns invade. 697 Republic of Venice.

Venetian school. 15-18C Italian Arcadian painting of brilliant mosaic color. Bellini, Giorgione, Titian, Tintoretto. Montegna.

Venezuela. Carib, Caraca, Teque. 1498 Columbus discovers. 1523 Spain settles. 1811 Independence declared. 1821 «Gran Colombia. 1829 Independent republic.

Venezuela Boundary Dispute. 19C over border with British Guiana. 1899 Most territory to Britain. Monroe Doctrine.

Venezuelan Claims. 1902-7. European countries blockade ports to press for loan repayment.

Venice. Venetia. 452 Founded. 697 Republic. Doge. 13-15C Venetian Empire. 1797 Austria. 1866 Italy.

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