Channel Tunnel. Mathieu conceived the idea in 1802. Begun 1880s. French-English agreements to proceed, 1964, 1985. Opened 1994.

Chanson de Roland. 12C French epic poem. Roncesvalles. Roland.

Chantrey, Francis. 1781-1841. British sculptor.

Chaos. Greek mythical pre-creation state of universe.

Chaplin, Charlie. 1889-1977. English silent film actor. First international film star: The Kid 1921. Modern Times 1936. Little Tramp.

Chapman, George. c1559-1634. English poet, playwright: Bussy d’Ambois 1607. Translated Homer.

Chapman, John. = Johnny Appleseed.

Chappe, Claude. 1763-1805. French engineer, physicist: Aerial telegraph 1792.

Chardin, Jean. 1699-1779. French painter of still life and domestic scenes. Le Buffet 1728.

Chardonnet, Comte de. 1839-1924. First Rayon factory.

Chares. Greek bronze sculptor: Colossus of Rhodes 292BC.

Charlemagne. c742-814. King of France 768-. Restored Western Roman Empire, 800.

Charles, Jacques. French physicist, launched early hydrogen balloon 1783 with Robert. Gas Law V=kT 1798.

Charles I. c742-814. King of France. = Charlemagne.

Charles I. 1600-49. King of Great Britain and Ireland. 1625-. Attempted to rule without Parliament. Defeated in Civil War. Beheaded.

Charles I. 1887-1922. Last ruler of Austro-Hungarian Empire, 1916-18.

Charles I, of Anjou. 1226-85. French King of Naples and Sicily 1246-. Son of Louis VIII. Harsh rule. First Angevin.

Charles II. 1630-85. King of Great Britain and Ireland. Restored monarchy, 1660.

Charles II, the Bald. 823-77. King of France 843-. Emperor of the West 875-. Verdun Treaty.

Charles III. 1716-88. King of Spain 1759-. Enlightened despot. Lost Florida but strengthened empire.

Charles III, the Simple. 879-929. King of France 893-923. Added Lorraine. Deposed.

Charles IV, the Fair. 1294-1328. King of France 1322-, and Navarre. Won part of Aquitaine from England. Last Capetian.

Charles V. 1500-1558. Hapsburg king of Netherlands 1515-55, Spain 1516-56, Germany 1519-. Holy Roman Emperor 1519-56. Fought Francis I. Divided Austria from Spain. Fought Turks.

Charles V, the Wise. 1338-80. King of France 1364-. New rampart around Paris.

Charles VI, the Well-beloved. 1368-1422. King of France 1380-. Insanity led to Civil War. Berry.

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