Aarau Treaty. 1712. Ended Swiss War.

Aaron. c14C BC. Old Testament. Brother of Moses. Later his rival.

Aasen, Ivar. 1813-96. Developed New Norwegian language, officially adopted, 1907.

Abbadids. 1023-91. Moslem dynasty in Andalusia.

Abbas, Ferhat. 1899-1995. First President of independent Algeria 1962-3.

Abbas II. 1874-1944. Last Egyptian khedive, 1892-. Opposed British. Deposed, 1914.

Abbasid. 750-1258. Second Empire of Caliphate dynasty. Overthrew Umayyads; destroyed by Mongols.

Abbaye Prison. Principal site of 1792 September Massacres.

Abbeville Treaty. 1258. England returns Normandy to France.

ABC Powers. 1905. Argentina, Brazil, Chile.

Abd al-Mumin. 1094-1163. Founded Almohad Empire in north Africa and Spain. Massacred Almoravids.

Abd ar-Rahman. -732. Moslem Governor of Andalusia. Def, killed at Poitiers.

Abd ar-Rahman. c1779-1859. Sultan of Morocco/Fez, 1822. Fought French, 1844 in Algeria.

Abd ar-Rahman I. 731-788. Umayyad emir of Cordoba, 755-. Repelled Charlemagne.

Abd el-Kader. 1808-83. Arab emir who fought French 1840-46; founded Algerian state.

Abd el-Krim. 1882-1963. Fought France and Spain in Morocco. Founded Republic of Rif 1921-26.

Abdul Rahman, Tunku. 1903-90. First Prime Minister of independent Malaya 1957-70. United Malay, Chinese, Indian factions.

Abel. Old Testament. Second son of Adam and Eve. Killed by Cain.

Abel, Frederick. 1827-1902. English inventor of military explosive cordite with Dewar, 1889.

Abel, Rudolf. 1902-71. Russian spy traded for Powers.

Abélard, Pierre. 1079-c1144. French Conceptualist theologian of Notre-Dame. Advocated discussion vs dogma. Famed love of Héloïse. Accused of heresy 1121. Letters to Heloise 1103. Sic et Non 1132. Theologia.

Abercrombie, Patrick. 1879-1957. British architect: Greater London town plan, 1943.

Aberhart, William. 1878-1943. Canadian Social Credit advocate.

Abjuration, Act. 1581. Dutch declaration of independence from Spain. Republic 1588.

Abo, Treaty. 1743. Sweden cedes SE Finland to Russia.

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