Vallee, Rudy. 1901-86. US. First pop music star.

Varèse, Edgard. 1883-1965. French composer of dissonant electronic music. Hyperprism 1923.

Vellore Mutiny. 1806. Indians resenting removal of caste markings kill 130 British soldiers.

Viau, Théophile. 1590-1626. French pre-Classical poet, dramatist. Pyramus and Thisbe 1623.

Victor Emmanuel III. 1869-1947. Last Italian king 1900~46. Supported Mussolini. Abdicated.

Victoria, Tomás Luis de. c1548-1611. Spanish composer. Pioneer of contrapuntal music. Requiem 1605.

Vienna Circle. 1920s Intellectual meetings. Formulated Logical Positivism. Schlick. Gödel.

Viet Cong. 1954-75. Communist guerillas seeking to reunify Vietnam.

Viet Minh. 1941-51. Communist nationalist coalition vs French in Vietnam.

Vietnam. Annam. 209BC Nam Vet kingdom. 111BC China. 2C Funan, 939 Independent. Khmer, Cham, Mongol invasions repelled. 1407 Ming. 1867 France (S). 1883 Tonkin, Annam French protectorates(N). 1940 Japanese occupy. 1945 Independent. 1946-54 French Indochina War. 1954 Communist Democratic Republic (N). 1955 Republic (S). 1962 Vietnam War. 1976 Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1987 Economic liberalization. 1995 US recognition.

Vietnam War. 1946-54. =Indo China War. 1962-75. Democratic South Vietnam falls to Communists despite US aid to 1973.

Virginius Affair. 1873. Spain siezes US flagged Cuban ship, Virginius. Executes 53 for smuggling arms to Cuba during Ten Years War. Indemnity paid to US, Great Britain.

Vries, Hugo de. 1848-1935. Dutch botanist. Heredity and mutation. Mutation Theory 1910.

Wagner, Richard. 1813-83. German Romantic opera composer/librettist. Leitmotif. Unified drama and music in long and complex operas. Tannhäuser 1845. Lohengrin 1850. Nibelung Ring 1853-76. Tristan and Isolde 1857-9. Parsifal 1882.

Walesa, Lech. 1943-. Polish Solidarity leader instrumental in forcing decline of Communist rule. President 1990-96.

Warlords. 1916-49. China generals seized local power on Yüan Shih-K’ai’s death. Last eliminated by communists.

Waters, Muddy. 1915-83. US Rhythm and Blues singer. Inspired Rolling Stones.

Wenceslaus, St. 907-29. Patron saint of Czechs. Murdered by brother Boleslav I.

Western European Union. 1948. Britain, France, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg. 1954 +Italy, Germany. 50 year treaty. NATO. European Defense Community.

WFTU. Communist World Federation of Trade Unions. Formed 1945 from IFTU. 1949 Non-Communist ICFTU split off. 2002 vs globalization, privatization.

Whitefield, George. 1714-70. English evangelist, founder of Calvinistic Methodist Church. Stimulated 18C religious revival.

White Revolution. 1950-79. Iran land reform movement of Shah ended by Islamic Revolution.

Whittier, John. 1807-92. US Quaker, Abolitionist poet: Maud Muller 1854. Snow Bound 1866.

Wilson, Edmund. 1895-1972. US essayist, critic. Triple Thinkers 1938. Wound and the Bow 1941.

Windows. 12C Glass first used. 14C Mullioned (divided into panes). Tudor introduced bay and oriel. 18C curved bow windows.

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