Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1712-78. Swiss Enlightenment philosopher and writer. Began Romantic Movement. Stimulated French and American Revolutions. On Equality 1753. Social Contract 1762 influenced French Revolution (offended authorities), Confessions 1782. Man is prevented from being free only by society and cold science. Goodness and bounty of nature. Goodness of man. Advocates direct democracy at City-State level and dictatorship above. Sovereignty rests with people. General will aims at best for all.

Royal Academy of Music. 1822.

Russia. 9C Slavs, Rus invade. 862-1598 Rurik dynasty. 1240 Mongol Empire of Golden Horde. 1462 Ivan the Great. 16C Unified. 1613 Romanov dynasty. 1917 Communist. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1991 Russian Federation. CIS.

Samudra Gupta. -c380. Hindu Indian Emperor. c330-. Expanded empire. Poet, musician, soldier.

Samuel. c11C BC. Israelite judge, prophet. Established Hebrew monarchy.

Samuel, Herbert. 1870-1963. British philosopher, statesman. Practical Ethics.

Samurai. 11C-1868. Japanese warriors. Basis of Shogun power.

Sandinistas. 1962-. Nicaraguan Communist guerilla group vs Somoza. Governed 1980-89, despite US Funded Contra rebellion.

Saracoglu, Sükrü. 1887-1953. Turkish Prime Minister 1942-6. Atatürk ally.

Scheidt, Samuel. 1587-1654. German Reformation organ composer.

Schein, Johann. 1586-1630. Reformation composer. Introduced Italian Baroque to German music.

Schleicher, Kurt von. 1882-1934. Last chancellor of Weimar Republic 1932-3. Opposed Hitler. Murdered by SS on Night of Long Knives.

Schoenberg, Arnold. 1874-1951. Austrian/US pioneer of atonal twelve-note method-key to recent musical advances. Five Piano Pieces 1923.

Schubert, Franz. 1797-1828. Austrian Romantic symphonic composer of lyrical beauty. Created German lieder. “The most poetic of musicians”-Liszt. A Minor Symphony 1822. Unfinished Symphony1822.

Schurz, Carl. 1829-1906. German/US Mugwump leader.

Schütz, Heinrich. 1585-1672. Founded German church music with Italian style. Wrote first German opera, Dafne 1627.

Scipio Nasica Serapio. -132BC. Led mob that murdered Gracchus.

Scriabin, Aleksandr. 1872-1915. Russian composer uniting music with philosophy: Prometheus 1911. Musical symbolism.

SEATO. Southeast Asia Treaty Organization. 1954-77 for defence vs communist infiltration.

Selim III. 1761-1808. Ottoman sultan 1789-1807. Reformed, westernized. Overthrown, murdered.

Sezession. Groups of artists who seceded from academies in Munich 1892, Vienna 1897, Berlin 1999.

Shakers. 1747-. English celibate communal Quaker sect. 1774 moved to US.

Shakespeare, William. 1564-1616. English dramatic poet. Master of language, characters, perception.Titus Andronicus c1593. Romeo and Juliet c1594. Hamlet c1602. Othello c1604. King Lear c1606. Lover’s Complaint c1609. Sonnets 1609. Tempest 1611.

Shannon, Claude. 1916-2001. US information theorist. Mathematical Theory of Communication 1948.

Sigismund I. The Old. 1467-1548. King of Poland 1506-. Acquired Prussia 1525.

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