Impressionism. 1867-86. European art movement named 1874 for Monet’s Impression Sunrise. Direct from nature with colors to render surfaces and lighting effects. Rejected primacy of subject. Renoir, Pissarro, Degas, Cezanne, Manet. Music: 1892-1910. Restraint and ambiguity. Mood music. Debussy.

Indian Mutiny. 1857-9. Indian troops rebel vs British officers. Months of violence, massacres. East India Act. Ended Mogul Empire.

Indochina War. 1946-54. Vietnamese Communists vs French and British occupying forces. =First Vietnam War.

Innocents, Massacre of. 4BC. Herod has all Bethlehem infants murdered.

International. Socialist revolutionary workers movements. First. 1864-76. Founded by Marx in London. Second. 1889-1914. Paris. IFTU. Revived in 1920s. Third. 1919-43. =COMINTERN. Stalin’s Vehicle for world-wide Communist Revolution. Fourth. 1938-53. Trotsky’s Transitional Program for reform.

Internationale. Revolutionary song based on a poem by Pottier, 1871. Music by Degeyter.

Iraq. Mesopotamia. 1920 British mandate. 1921 Kingdom = Iraq. 1932 Independent. 1958 Arab Federation 1958 Left-wing coup, Republic. 1963 Anti-Communist coup. 1979 Hussein dictator. 1990 Kuwait Invasion.

Ireland, John. 1879-1962. English chamber music composer. Forgotten Rite 1913.

Islam. =Muhammadism. 7C-. Monotheistic religion based on Koran. 1/6 of world’s population, especially north Africa, Middle East, SW Asia. Sunni. Shi’ite. Caliphate Empire.

Islamic Revolution. 1979. Ayatollah Khomeini led overthrow of Pahlavi in Iran.

Isthmian Games. 582BC-393 AD. Corinthian athletic, musical competitions. Olympics.

Jack the Ripper. Murderer of 7 London prostitutes 1887-8. Identity unknown.

Janissaries. 1330-1826. Ottoman sultan’s powerful bodyguard. First recruited from Christian children. Massacred by Mahmud II after revolt.

Japan. 660BC Empire founded by legendary Jimmu. 5C AD First unified state. c552 Buddhism. 1192 First Shogun ruler. 1543 European contact (Portugal). 1639 Isolation. 1868 Meiji restoration. 1945-52 Allies occupy. 1947 Constitutional monarchy.

Jewish Era. Began 3761BCE. Year of creation calculated from Biblical evidence. Christian Era. Muhammadan Era.

Jibril. Islamic archangel. God’s messenger to Muhammad. = Gabriel.

Jimmu Tennõ. c660BC. Japan’s legendary first Emperor. Direct descendent of Sun goddess.

Jinnah, Muhammed Ali. 1876-1948. Founded Moslem League 1934. Demanded partition of India. First gov-gen. of Pakistan.

Johanan ben Zakkai. 1C Pharisee. Founder of Jabne Academy, 70. Foundations of Rabbinic and Talmudic Judaism.

John. Lackland. 1167-1216. King of England 1199-. Lost Normandy. Forced to sign Magna Carta 1215. Excommunicated 1209. Lost Anjou.

John Birch Society. 1958-. Right-wing US anti-Communist movement. Birch.

Johnson, Samuel. 1709-84. English lexicographer. Dictionary 1755. Subject of Boswell biography.

Jones, Ernest. 1897-1958. Welsh psychoanalyst. Life and Works of Freud 1953-7.

Josquin des Prés. c1445-1521. Flemish composer of motets and masses. Advanced musical expressiveness. -“Father of Musicians”.

Kadar, János. 1912-89. Hungarian Prime Minister 1956~65. Communist First Secretary.

387 more results ...